Smart Contracts in Solidity

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 Session Outcomes

 Compile and execute a simple solidity contract in Remix

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 Smart Contracts
 “A set of promises, specified in digital form, including protocols within
which the parties perform on the other promises.”
 Computer programs Click icon to add picture

 Immutable
 Deterministic
 EVM context

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 Solidity
 Solidity is the most popular programming language used to write smart
contracts to run the Ethereum blockchain
 It is a high level language which when
Click icon compiled gets converted to EVM
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(Ethereum Virtual Machine) byte code

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 First Contract – To add two numbers
pragma solidity ^0.5.0;
#include <stdio.h> contract Add
void main() {
{ int public a;
int a=10, b=20,c; int public b;
c=a+b; int public c;
print(“%d”, c); function mathop(int a, int b) public
} returns (int, int, int, int)
{
a=10; b=20; c=a+b;
return c;}
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} 5
 Compilation and Execution in Remix

Demonstration

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 Improvisations

 Passing arguments to functions

 Function Returning multiple values

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 Activity Time

• Extend the program to work for addition, subtraction,

multiplication for three Click

unsigned integers
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 Data types and Operators in Solidity

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 Session Outcomes

 Use various datatypes and operators in Solidity for writing simple

contracts
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 Data types

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 Program to illustrate ‘Bool’
pragma solidity ^0.5.0;
contract Big
{
bool public c;
function CalcBig(int a, int b) public returns (bool)
{
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if (a>b)
{
c=true;
}
else
{
c=false;
}
return (c);
}
}
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 Data types - String
pragma solidity ^0.5.0;
contract Big
{
string public s;
function CalcBig(int a, int b) public returns (string memory)
{
if (a>b) Click icon to add picture
{
s="GREATER";
}
else
{
s="SMALLER";
}
return (s);
}
}

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 Data types - Address
pragma solidity ^0.6.8;
contract MyContract
{
address public owner;
constructor() public
{
owner=msg.sender; Click icon to add picture
}

function getOwner( ) public view returns (address)

{
return owner;
}

function getBalance( ) public view returns(uint256)

{
return owner.balance;
}
TCE }
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 Activity Time

• Extend the program to work for finding the biggest of three

unsigned integers Click icon to add picture

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 Operators in Solidity

 Arithmetic Operators (+,-,*,/, %, ++, --)

 Comparison Operators (>, >=, <, <=,==,!=)

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 Logical (or Relational) Operators (&&,||,!)

 Assignment Operators(=,+=,-=,*=, /=, %=)

 Conditional (or ternary) Operators (?:)

 Bitwise Operators (&,|, ^, ~,<<,<<<)

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 Program to demonstrate Ternary Operators

pragma solidity ^0.5.0;

contract Big
{
bool public c; Click icon to add picture
function CalcBig(int a, int b) public returns (bool)
{
c=(a>b)?true:false ;
return (c);
}
}

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 Loops in Solidity

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 Session Outcomes

 Use various looping constructs like while(), do…while() and for() in

solidity
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 While loop

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 Do while Loop

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 For Loop

for (initialization; test condition; iteration

statement)
{ Click icon to add picture

Statement(s) to be executed if test condition is true

}

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 Demonstration of do while loop
pragma solidity ^0.5.0;
contract sumofseries
{
int public sum;
function Calc(int n) public returns (int)

{ Click icon to add picture

sum=0;
int i=0;
do{
sum=sum + i;
i=i+1;
}while (i<=n);
return sum;
}
}

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 Activity Time

• Modify the sum of series program with “for” and “while”

loops. Click icon to add picture

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 Decision Making in Solidity

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 Session Outcomes

 Use simple if, “if else”, “if else if” for decision making in solidity contracts

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 Simple if
if (expression)
{
Statement(s) to be executed if expression is true
}

if (a>b)
{
c=true;
}

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 If else
if (expression)
{
Statement(s) to be executed if expression is true
}
else
{
Statement(s) to be executed if expression isClick
falseicon to add picture
}
if (a>b)
{
c=true;
}
else
{
c=false;
}
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 if else if
if (expression 1) {
Statement(s) to be executed if expression 1 is true
} else if (expression 2) {
Statement(s) to be executed if expression 2 is true
} else if (expression 3) {
Statement(s) to be executed if expression 3 is true
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} else {
Statement(s) to be executed if no expression is
true
}
if( a > b && a > c) {
big = a;
} else if( b > a && b > c ){
big = b;
} else {
big = c;
}
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 Activity Time

• Write a contract to display the grade in a subject based on the

obtained score. Click icon to add picture

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 Arrays in Solidity

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 Session Outcomes

 Use arrays for writing simple contracts in solidity

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 Introduction to Arrays

• An array is used to store a collection of data, but it is often more useful to think
of an array as a collection of variables of the same type.
• Instead of declaring individual variables, such as number0, number1, ..., and
number99, we declare one array variable such as numbers and use
numbers[0], numbers[1], and ..., numbers[99] to represent individual
variables.
• A specific element in an array is accessed by an index.

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 Declaration and Initialization of Arrays

• type arrayName [ arraySize ];

• int a[10];
• type[] arrayName;
• uint[] arr;
• uint arr[] = [1, 2, 3];
• uint size = 3;
• uint stud[] = new uint[](size);

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 Static Array
pragma solidity ^0.5.0; return sum;
contract array }
{ }
uint[] public arr = [12,13,17,4,50];
uint public sum;
function sumofarr() public returns (uint)
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{
sum=0;
uint i=0;
do{
sum = sum + arr[i];
i=i+1;
}while (i<=4);

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 Dynamic Array
pragma solidity ^0.6.8; // Function to return length of dynamic array
contract DynamicArray{ function getLength() public view returns (uint)
{
// Declaring state variable return arr.length;
int[] arr; }

// Function to add data in dynamic array // Function

Click icon to add picture to return sum of elements of dynamic array
function addData(int num) public function getSum() public view returns(int)
{ {
arr.push(num); uint i;
} int sum = 0;

// Function to get data of dynamic array for(i = 0; i < arr.length; i++)

function getData() public returns(int[] memory) sum = sum + arr[i];
{ return sum;
return arr; }
} }

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 Dynamic Array - Output

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 Activity Time

• Write a smart contract to find the biggest and smallest

element in an array using static and

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dynamic arrays

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