Vitamin C:
Biochemistry,
Structure,
Benefits, and
Diseases
Introduction to Vitamin C
What is Vitamin C?
Also known as ascorbic acid
Essential water-soluble vitamin
Cannot be synthesized by humans, must be obtained from diet
Biochemistry of Vitamin C
Chemical Nature:
Molecular formula: C6H8O6
Enantiomers: L-ascorbic acid and D-ascorbic acid (L-form is biologically
active
Synthesis and Degradation:
Synthesized from glucose in most animals, but humans lack the enzyme L-
gulonolactone oxidase
Degraded by oxidation, leading to loss of vitamin activity
Structure of Vitamin C
Chemical Structure:
Six-carbon lactone
Contains an enediol group, which is responsible for its reducing properties
Visual representation of the molecular structure
Structural Importance:
Highly soluble in water due to hydroxyl groups
Stable in acidic solutions but easily oxidized in alkaline conditions
Biological Functions of Vitamin C
Antioxidant Properties:
Neutralizes free radicals, preventing cellular damage
Collagen Synthesis:
Co-factor for prolyl and lysyl hydroxylase enzymes
Essential for the stability and function of collagen
Immune Function:
Enhances the function of the immune system
Stimulates white blood cell production
Neurotransmitter Synthesis:
Involved in the synthesis of norepinephrine from dopamine
Health Benefits of Vitamin C
Skin Health:
Promotes collagen formation, reducing wrinkles
Helps in wound healing
Cardiovascular Health:
Reduces risk of heart disease by preventing oxidation of LDL
cholesterol
Lowers blood pressure
CONT.
Iron Absorption:
Enhances non-heme iron absorption from plant-based foods
General Well-being:
Reduces the duration and severity of common cold symptoms
Diseases Related to Vitamin C Deficiency
Scurvy:
Symptoms: Bleeding gums, joint pain, fatigue, bruising
Causes: Severe vitamin C deficiency
Other Health Issues:
Anemia due to reduced iron absorption
Weakened immune system
Poor wound healing
Dietary Sources of Vitamin C
Rich Sources:
Fruits: Oranges, strawberries, kiwi, guava
Vegetables: Bell peppers, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, spinach
Recommended Daily Allowance:
Adults: 75-90 mg/day
Higher needs for smokers and individuals under stress
Supplementation and Toxicity
When to Supplement:
For individuals with dietary restrictions or increased needs
Possible Side Effects:
High doses (>2000 mg/day) can lead to gastrointestinal
discomfort and kidney stones
Conclusion
Vitamin C is a crucial nutrient with multiple roles in maintaining
health.
Adequate intake is necessary to prevent deficiency and related
diseases.
A balanced diet rich in fruits and vegetables is the best way to
ensure sufficient intake.
