Clauses
Shafaq Shakeel
What is a clause?
• A group of words that include a subject and a verb
• E.g
• The dog barks when the postman arrives
• All the cars stop when they see a red flag
Types of clauses
• Independent clause (can stand alone and have subject and verb)
• Dependent clause
• Relative/adjective clause
• Adverbial clause
• Noun clause
• Relative clause/adjective clause
• Gives further information about the preceding noun
• Adverbial clause
• Time (when) as soon as, after, while, until, since, sooner
• Place (where) where, wherever, anywhere, everywhere
• manner (how) as, like, the way
• Comparison (to what degree) as long as, than,
• Reason (why) because
• Condition (if-then)
• Concession (contrast) though, although, eventhough, while, whereas
• Noun clause
• Answer who and what
• Can act as a subject or object
• Can be replaced with a noun or pronoun
• Compliment clause (starts with that and whether)
Deep structure and surface structure
• Deep structure
• The actual form of the sentence without any kind of transformation
• She is eating.
• She visits doctor. It can be nuisance.
• Surface structure
• The transformed form of the sentence (TGG)
• She is eating healthy, she is eating food, she is not eating food
• Visiting doctors can be nuisance
All the cars stop when they see a red flag
• S- NP+VP
• S- NP+VP+ADV+S
• S- NP+VP+ADV+NP+VP
• S- DET+ +N+VP+ADV+NP+VP
• S- DET+ +N+V+ADV+NP+VP
• S- DET+ +N+V+ADV+N+V+NP
• S- DET+ +N+V+ADV+N+V+DET+ADJ+N
The professor said that the students passed
the exam
• S- NP+VP
• S- DET+N+VP
• S-DET+N+V+CP
• S- DET+N+V+C+S
• S- DET+N+V+C+NP+VP
• S- DET+N+V+C+DET+N+VP
• S- DET+N+V+C+DET+N+V+NP
• S- DET+N+V+C+DET+N+V+DET+N
• She is eating an apple
• The book on the table is very tough (the very tough book is on the
table)
• She waters the plants daily (she daily waters the plants)
Types of sentences
• Simple sentences
• One independent clause
• Compound sentences
• Two independent clauses joined by coordinating conjunctions (FANBOYS)
• Complex sentences
• One independent and one dependent (joined by subordinate conjunctions
• Compound complex sentences
• At least two independent and one dependent clause
My favorite sport is swimming, and, I am
vacating in Hawaii this summer.
• S- S+CONJ+S
• S- NP+VP+CONJ+NP+VP
• S- DET+ADJ+N+VP+CONJ+NP+VP
• S- DET+ADJ+N+V(aux)+NP+CONJ+NP+VP
• S- DET+ADJ+N+V+N+CONJ+NP+VP
• S- DET+ADJ+N+V+N+CONJ+N(poss)+VP
• S- DET+ADJ+N+V+N+CONJ+N(poss)+V+PP
• S- DET+ADJ+N+V+N+CONJ+N(poss)+V+P+NP
• S- DET+ADJ+N+V+N+CONJ+N(poss)+V+P+NP
• S- DET+ADJ+N+V+N+CONJ+N(poss)+V+P+N+DET+N
Ali paid his brother’s fee when he got his first
salary, and, his parents are proud of him
• S- S+CONJ+S
• S- NP+VP+ADV+S
• S-
Ali paid his brother’s fee when he got his first
salary, and, his parents are proud of him
• S- S+ADV+S+CONJ+S
• S- NP+VP+ADV+NP+VP+CONJ+NP+VP
• S- N+ VP+ADV+NP+VP+CONJ+NP+VP
• S- N+V+NP+VP+ADV+NP+CONJ+NP+VP
• S- N+V+poss+N(poss)+N+ADV+NP+VP+CONJ+NP+VP
• S- N+V+poss+N(poss)+N+ADV+NP+VP+CONJ+NP+VP
• S- N+V+poss+N(poss)+N+ADV+N+VP+CONJ+NP+VP
• S- N+V+poss+N(poss)+N+ADV+N+V+NP+CONJ+NP+VP
• S- N+V+poss+N(poss)+N+ADV+N+V+poss+adj+N+CONJ+NP+VP
• S- N+V+poss+N(poss)+N+ADV+N+V+poss+adj+N+CONJ+poss+N+VP
• S- N+V+poss+N(poss)+N+ADV+N+V+poss+adj+N+CONJ+poss+N+V+AdjP
• S- N+V+poss+N(poss)+N+ADV+N+V+poss+adj+N+CONJ+poss+N+V+Adj+PP
• S- N+V+poss+N(poss)+N+ADV+N+V+poss+adj+N+CONJ+poss+N+V+Adj+P+NP
• S- N+V+poss+N(poss)+N+ADV+N+V+poss+adj+N+CONJ+poss+N+V+Adj+P+N(poss)
