ADENOVIRUS

GROUP 3
FERDINAND ONYANGO
CHRIS MURIITHI
SIDNEY LELEITO
MELANY KIPLAGAT
JAPHETH AMAYA
HALKANO GALMA
CYNTHIA MATARA
• Adenoviruses are a group of medium sized, nonenveloped, double
stranded DNA viruses that share a common complement fixing antigen

• Adenovirus have been divided into seven groups (A-G) on the basis
of their genetic, physical, chemical and biological properties.
• They are divided into serotypes on the basis of type specific antigens
on penton bases and fibers
.
• medium-sized (80 nm)

• Nonenveloped icosahedral viruses composed of a nucleocapsid and a

double-stranded linear DNA genome
There are over 52 different serotypes in humans, which are responsible
for 5–10% of upper respiratory infections in children, and many
infections in adults as well
MORPHOLOGY
Adenovirus are 80 nm in size
• No envelope
• The capsid contains 252 capsomers arranged as icosahedrons with 20 triangular
facets and 12 vertices.
Each penton unit consists of penton base anchored in the capsid and projection or
fibre consists of a rode like portion with a knob attached at the distal end
• The virus appears like a space vehicle

GENOME
The genome is linear, nonsegmented double stranded (ds) DNA which is around 30–
38 Kbp.
• This allows the virus to theoretically carry 30 to 40 genes.
REPLICATION
• Entry of adenoviruses into the host cell involves two sets of interactions between the virus and the
host cell.
• Entry into the host cell is initiated by the knob domain of the fiber protein binding to the receptor.
• The two currently established receptors are: CD46 for group B human adenovirus serotypes and the
coxsackievirus adenovirus receptor (CAR) for all other serotypes.
• Once the virus has successfully gained entry into the host cell, the endosome acidifies, which alters
virus topology by causing capsid components to disassociate.
• These changes as well as the toxic nature of the pentons result in the release of the virion into the
cytoplasm.
• With the help of cellular microtubules, the virus is transported to the nuclear pore complex, whereby
the adenovirus particle disassembles.
• Viral DNA is subsequently released, which can enter the nucleus via the nuclear pore. • After this the
DNA associates with histone molecules.
• Thus, viral gene expression can occur and new virus particles can be generated
PATHOGENESIS
• The recognized diseases of Adenoviruses predominantly involve the respiratory tract, Gastrointestinal
tract and eye.
• Virus may be introduced through contact, respiratory droplets or ingestion.
• After recovery of illness, adenoviruses may maintain latent persistent infections in the tonsils, adenoids
and other lymphoid tissues
• Infect and replicate in epithelial cells of respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, urinary tract and the eye.
• Do not spread beyond regional lymph nodes.
• Group C persists as latent infections for years in adenoids and tonsils and are shed in feces for many
months after initial infection.
• Most adenovirus replicate in intestinal epithelium after ingestion but usually produce sub clinical
infection than overt symptoms.
• Adenoviruses 1-7 are more common types worldwide and account for most instances of adenovirus
associated illness.
• Responsible for 5% of respiratory diseases in young children but account for much less in adults.
• Most infections are mild and self limited.
• Occasionally case disease in other organs particularly eye and gastrointestinal tract.
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS

A. Respiratory diseases:
B. Eye infections:
C. Gastrointestinal disease
D. Other diseases
E. Adenoviral infections of the immune compromised host
• Respiratory Diseases:
• Typical symptoms: cough, nasal congestion, fever and sore throat.
Symptoms most commonly manifested in infants and children and
usually involves group C viruses.
• Adenoviruses particularly 3, 7 and 21 are thought to be responsible for
about 10-20% pneumonias in childhood.
• Mortality rate of pneumonia 8-10% in very young.
• Also are cause of acute respiratory disease syndrome among military
recruits. Characterised by fever, sorethroat, nasal congestion, cough and
malaise; sometimes leading to pneumonia
• EYE INFECTIONS:
• Mild occular involvement may be part of respiratory pharyngeal syndrome.
• Pharyngoconjunctival fever occurs as outbreak such as in children’s summer camps
(swimming pool conjunctivitis) and caused by type 3 and 7.
• Duration 1-2 weeks and complete recovery with no lasting sequela is common
outcome.
• Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis more serious disease; occurs mainly in adults and is
highly contagious.
• Source of infection: sinks and hand towel.
• Disease is characterised by acute conjunctivitis followed by keratitis (inflammation
of the cornea) that usually resolves in two weeks but may leave subepithelial opacities
in the cornea for up to two years.
• Caused by serotypes 8, 19 and 37
• Keratoconjunctivitis is inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva. • When only the cornea is
inflamed, it is called keratitis • when only the conjunctiva is inflamed, it is called conjunctivitis •
• Pharyngoconjunctival
• Pharyngoconjunctival fever is a condition characterized by a fever, sore throat, and follicular
conjunctivitis.
• Gastrointestinal disease:
• Can often been isolated from feces but their relation to intestinal disease has not been conclusively
established.
• However two serotypes (types 40 and 41) have been etiologically associated with infantile
gastroenteritis
• May account for 5-15% cases of viral gastroenteritis in young children. Adenoviruses 40 and 41
are abundantly present in diarrhoeal stools.
• ADENOVIRUS TREATMENT
• Antivirals against AdV:
• Potential targets: AdV DNA polymerase , AdV cysteine protease , receptors for binding host
cells .
• Antivirals in use: Ribavirin , Cidofovir ,Ganciclovir (Vidarabine)

• •PREVENTION OF ADENOVIRAL INFECTIONS

• • Vaccines were developed for adenovirus serotypes 4 and 7, but were available only for
preventing among military recruits.
• Strict attention to good infection-control practices is effective for stopping nosocomial
outbreaks of adenovirus-associated disease, such as epidemic keratoconjunctivitis.
• Maintaining adequate levels of chlorination is necessary for preventing swimming pool
associated outbreaks of adenovirus conjunctivitis
• . PREVENTION AND CONTROL
• Careful hand washing is the easiest way to prevent infection.
• Disinfection of Environmental surfaces with hypochlorite's. The risk
of water borne outbreaks of conjunctivitis can be minimized by
chlorination of swimming pools.
• Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis can be controlled by strict asepsis
during eye examination