Zanzibar University
Medical laboratory Department
Clinical
Chemistry
Specimen Collection
First Lec.
Asst. Lec. ABDOULHALEEM
MOHAMED
Out Line
Introduction of Clinical Chemistry.
Collection of Blood Samples.
Types of Blood Samples.
Anticoagulants.
Types of Anticoagulants.
Beer – Lambert Law.
Asst. Lec. ABDOULHALEEM MOHAMED
Introduction
What is Clinical Chemistry?
Clinical Chemistry is the branch of
laboratory medicine that focuses primarily on
Molecules.
The tests in a Clinical Chemistry lab measure concentrations
of biologically important ions (salts & minerals), small organic
molecules and large macromolecules (primarily proteins).
Asst. Lec. ABDOULHALEEM MOHAMED
The function of Clinical Chemistry Labs is:
Perform Quantitative and Qualitative tests of
Body Fluids such as (Blood, Urine, CSF), as well as
Feces, Calculi, Tissues and other materials.
Help in Diagnosis and Treatment of diseases therefore
these tests must be down as accurately as possible.
Asst. Lec. ABDOULHALEEM MOHAMED
Combinations of Tests (Panel):
When an individual test alone is not sufficient to assess a
medical condition, a combination of several tests may be
used.
The pattern of results from the combination of tests may
provide better insight into the status of the patient than any
single test result.
Such tests, done on the same sample, are often ordered as a
group called a panel or profile.
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Examples:
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Types of Lab. Samples
The most common Sample that be
examined in Clinical Lab is Blood.
Other Samples that can analyzed: Urine,
be Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF).
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Collection of Blood Samples
Most Quantitative tests in Clinical Chemistry Labs
are carried out on Blood Sample. It can be obtained
from:
Venous Blood.
Capillary Blood.
Arterial Blood = Rarely examined.
Asst. Lec. ABDOULHALEEM MOHAMED
Venous & Capillary Blood are most common in
the Determinations made on Blood.
Capillary Blood = obtained from a Finger or Thumb.
Venous Blood = obtained from any Prominent Vein.
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Types of Blood Samples
Blood Samples can be divided according to the type
of the test into:
Blood Samples
Whole Blood Plasma Serum
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Whole Blood Sample
Blood drawn from patient must be directly
put in a tube containing an Anticoagulant
to prevent the Clotting.
The Blood must be mix thoroughly with
Anticoagulant inside the tube and is
not centrifuged.
Used for tests(Example): Hemoglobin
(Hb), Ammonia. Asst. Lec. ABDOULHALEEM MOHAMED
Plasma Sample
Blood drawn from patient must be directly put
in Anticoagulant tube to Prevent the Clotting.
Then tube must be put in Centrifuge to
Separate the Red from the
cell Supernatant (plasma).
Used for tests Chloride,
(Example):
Ascorbic acid (Vit C), Fibrinogen,
Bicarbonate. Asst. Lec. ABDOULHALEEM MOHAMED
Serum Sample
Blood drawn from patient put in a tube without
anticoagulant and allowed to Clot.
Then the tube put in the Centrifuge to
Separate the Clot from Serum.
Used for most tests (Example): Total
Protein, Cho, TG, Creatinine, Uric acid,
Bilirubin, Ca, Na, K, Urea.
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Plasma differs from Serum in Containing Fibrinogen and
Anticoagulant.
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Anticoagulant
What is Anticoagulant:
A Chemical substance used to
Prevent the Coagulation of Blood.
The Anticoagulant is applied when
using Whole Blood or Plasma is
required.
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Used for Preventing Coagulation of Blood without
Diluting & without causing a change in the Volume of
Red cells.
Salt causes Precipitation of Ca2+ in the form of
Calcium Salt and this prevent Coagulation.
Some of the Commonly used Anticoagulants are:
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Types of Anticoagulant
EDTA (Ethylene Diamine Tetra-acetic Acid): it may be a Disodium
or Dipotassium salt. Act by removing Calcium ions by Chelation.
Oxalate & Citrate: act as Anticoagulants by Removing
Calcium Ions essential for Blood Coagulation.
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Sod-fluoride: it is used when Blood is collected for Glucose or
Lactate estimation.
Heparin: Inhibit the formation of Thrombin from Prothrombin
it not produces a change in the compositions of Blood.
Asst. Lec. ABDOULHALEEM MOHAMED
Chemicals:
In clinical Lab we used (Kit):
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Procedure:
Solutions Blank Standard Sample
Reagent 1 ml 1 ml 1 ml
Standard - 10 μl -
Sample - - 10 μl
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Micropipette:
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Reagent 1 ml
Blank Only Reagent 1 ml
Reagent +
1 ml Sample 10 μl
B St S
Reagent 1 ml + Standard 10 μl
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Calculations
:
Measurements in Clinical Lab
are based upon (Photometric
measurement) which defined
as making a measurement of
Light Intensity depended of
Wavelength.
Most Instrument used is
called Spectrophotometer.
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Beer – Lambert law: absorbance is directly proportional to
the light path through the cell. A= abc
Where A is absorbance a= proportionality constant b=
light bath in cm c= concentration.
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According to Beer-Lambert Law we can compare the
conc. of Sample (test) with conc. of Standard:
a&b A= abc For Standard
are
constant A= abc For Sample
So, the Equation is:
𝐀𝐛𝐬𝐨𝐫𝐛𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐒𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞
𝑪 𝒔𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 = × 𝐒𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐝𝐚𝐫𝐝 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐜.
𝐀𝐛𝐬𝐨𝐫𝐛𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐒𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐝𝐚𝐫𝐝
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Units:
Results in Clinical Biochemistry can be expressed
in a variety of units such as:
mmol/l.
mg/100ml or mg/dl.
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