191GES201T - BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING

Prepared By:
Dr. B. Suresh Chander Kapali
Assistant Professor
Department of Biomedical Engineering.
Easwari Engineering College
 UNIT- I
FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICITYAND CIRCUITS

Evolution of Electricity and Inventions:

1.Ancient Development:
• People were aware of shocks from electric fish.
• Ancient Egyptian texts dating from 2750 BCE referred to these fish as the "Thunderer of the Nile"
• Ancient cultures around the Mediterranean knew that certain objects, such as rods of amber, could
be rubbed with cat's fur to attract light objects like feathers.
• Thales of Miletus, an ancient Greek philosopher, writing at around 600 BCE, described a form
of static electricity.
• Around 450 BCE Democritus, a later Greek philosopher, developed an atomic theory that was
similar to modern atomic theory
• Object found in Iraq in 1938, dated to about 250 BCE and called the Baghdad Battery, resembles
a galvanic cell.
2. 17th Century Developments:

• In 1600, the English scientist, William Gilbert extended the study of

Cardano on electricity and magnetism, distinguishing
the lodestone effect from static electricity produced by rubbing amber.
• He coined the New Latin word electricus.
• This association gave rise to the English words "electric" and
"electricity".
• Further work was conducted by Otto von Guericke who showed
electrostatic repulsion.
3. 18th Century Developments:
• By 1705, Francis Hauksbee had discovered that if he placed a small amount of mercury in
the glass of his modified version of Otto von Guericke's generator.
• A glow was visible if he placed his hand on the outside of the ball.
• This glow was bright enough to read.
• This effect later became the basis of the gas-discharge lamp.
• Led to neon lighting and mercury vapor lamps.
• 1706 he produced an 'Influence machine' to generate this effect.
• Hauksbee continued to experiment with electricity, making numerous observations and
developing machines to generate and demonstrate various electrical phenomena.
• Stephen Gray discovered the importance of insulators and conductors.
• June 1752 Benjamin Franklin is reputed to have attached a metal key to the bottom of a
dampened kite string and flown the kite in a storm-threatened sky.
• A succession of sparks jumping from the key to the back of his hand showed
that lightning was indeed electrical in nature.
• In 1791, Italian Luigi Galvani published his discovery of bioelectricity, demonstrating that
4. 19th Century Developments:
• Electrical engineering became a profession in the late 19th century.
• Created a global electric telegraph network and the first electrical engineering
institutions to support the new discipline were founded in the UK and US.
• Notable developments early in this century include the work of Georg Ohm.
• who in 1827 quantified the relationship between the electric current and potential
difference in a conductor,
• Michael Faraday, the discoverer of electromagnetic induction in 1831.
• In the 1830s, Georg Ohm also constructed an early electrostatic machine.
• Homopolar generator was developed first by Michael Faraday during his
memorable experiments in 1831.
• Beginning of modern dynamos, electrical generators which operate using a
magnetic field.
• Invention of the industrial generator, which didn't need external magnetic power in
1866 by Werner von Siemens made a large series of other inventions in the wake
• Latter part of the 1800s, the study of electricity was largely considered to
be a subfield of physics.
• Late 1870s cities started installing large scale electric street lighting
systems based on arc lamps.
• Thomas Edison switched on the world's first public electric supply utility
in 1882, using what was considered a relatively safe 110 volts direct
current system to supply customers.
• Engineering advances in the 1880s, including the invention of
the transformer, led to electric utilities starting to adopting alternating
current
• Charles Proteus Steinmetz helped foster the development of alternating
current that made possible the expansion of the electric power industry in
the United States, formulating mathematical theories for engineers.
Electric Charge:

• Electric charge is the physical

property of matter that causes it to
experience a force when placed in
an electromagnetic field.
• There are two types of electric charge:
1. Positive Charge
2. Negative Charge
• Like charges repel each other and unlike
charges attract each other.
• Absence of net charge is referred to
as neutral.
• Electric charge is carried by subatomic
particles.
• Ordinary matter, negative charge is carried by electrons,
and positive charge is carried by the protons in
the nucleiof atoms.

• More electrons than protons in a piece of matter, it will

have a negative charge.

• There are fewer it will have a positive charge.

• There are equal numbers it will be neutral.

• Charges comes from an integer multiples of individual

small units called the elementary charge, e.

• Where e = 1.602×10−19 coulombs, which is the smallest

charge which can exist freely
• The proton has a charge of +e, and the electron has a charge of −e.

• Electric charges produce electric fields.

• A moving charge also produces a magnetic field.

• The interaction of electric charges with an electromagnetic field is the source of

the electromagnetic force.

• Which is one of the four fundamental forces in physics.

• The SI derived unit of electric charge is the coulomb (C) named after French
physicist Charles-Augustin de Coulomb.

• Electrical engineering, it is also common to use the ampere hour (Ah)

• Physics and chemistry, it is common to use the elementary charge (e as a unit).

Electric Potential :

• Electric potential is the amount of work energy needed

to move a unit of electric charge from a reference
point to the specific point in an electric field with
negligible acceleration of the test charge.

• It also called the electric field potential, potential drop,

the electrostatic potential.

• More precisely it is the energy per unit charge for a

small test charge that does not disturb significantly the
field and the charge distribution producing the field
under consideration.
• In classical electrostatics, the electrostatic field is a
vector quantity which is expressed as the gradient of the
electrostatic potential, which is a scalar quantity denoted
by V

• Electric potential is the electric potential energy per unit

charge.

• SI units of electric potential are joules per coulomb

(J⋅C−1), or volts (V).

• The electric potential at infinity is assumed to be zero.

Voltage:

• Voltage is the difference in electric potential between two points.

• It is defined as the work needed per unit of charge to move a test charge between the two
points.
• It is also known as electric potential difference, electromotive force EMF, electric
pressure or electric tension.
• In the International System of Units, the derived unit for potential difference is named Volt
(V)
• In SI units, work per unit charge is expressed as joules per coulomb.
• where 1 volt = 1 joule per 1 coulomb.
• A voltmeter can be used to measure the voltage between two points in a system
• A common reference potential such as the ground of the system is used as one of the points.
A voltage may represent either a source of energy (electromotive force) or stored energy
(potential drop).
Current :

• An electric current is a stream of charged particles, such

as electrons or ions, moving through an electrical conductor or
space.

• It is measured as the net rate of flow of electric charge through a

surface or into a control volume.

• Moving particles are called charge carriers. which may be one of

several types of particles, depending on the conductor.

• In electric circuits the charge carriers are often electrons moving

through a wire

• In semiconductors they can be electrons or holes.

• The SI unit of electric current is the ampere, or amp,
which is the flow of electric charge across a surface at
the rate of one coulomb per second.
• The conventional symbol for current is I. The ampere
symbol is A.
• Electric current is measured using a device called
an ammeter.
• Electric currents create magnetic fields, which are used
in motors, generators, inductors, and transformers.
• Ordinary conductors, they cause Joule heating, which
creates light in incandescent light bulbs
• Time-varying currents emit electromagnetic waves,
which are used in telecommunications to broadcast
information.
• - Electrical Quantities—Charge- Electric Potential,
• Voltage, Current, Power Energy, DC, AC, time period, Frequency,
Phase, Flux density,
• RMS, Average, Peak, Phasor and Vector diagram. Electric circuit
elements – Sources Ohm’s
• Law - Kirchhoff ’s Laws, Faradays Law, Lenz’s Law- Wiring- House
wiring and
• Industrial Wiring systems.