ANATOMY

AND

PHYSIOLOGY
OF

THE EYE
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EYEBALL/GL OBE

It is 1 inch in diameter and is located in the anterior portion of the orbit. Only the anterior 1/6 of the eyes surface is normally seen

ORBIT
4 cm in width, height and diameter It is like a 4 sided pyramid surrounded by sinuses: Ethmoid, Frontal, and Maxillary

Bony Orbitfor protection

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STRUCTURES AROUND THE EYE

Extra-ocular muscles and orbital fat

Eye lashesfor protection

Eye lids
Conjuncti va

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Eye muscles/Extra-ocular muscles

-responsible for the movement of the eyeball in all gaze -comprise of 4 rectus muscle and 2 oblique muscles -innervated by CN III, IV & VI -Muscles do not work independently but work with the muscle that produces the opposite movement. -Rectus muscles exert their pull when the eye turns temporally. -Oblique muscles exert their pull when the eye 5/3/12 turns nasally

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Eye lids
-thin elastic skin which protects the anterior portion of the eye -contain multiple glands: Sebaceous, Sweat & Accessory lacrimal glands >Upper lid -covers the uppermost portion of the Iris >Lid margins -contain Meibomian glands, inferior and superior puncta & the eye lashes
5/3/12 Inner/Medial Canthus and Outer/Lateral Canthus

Lacrimal gland
-produces Tears -located above the lateral end of each eye -Tears are drained through the punctum into the lacrimal duct and sac. **Tears are secreted in response to reflex or emotional stimuli. >Bulbar conjunctiva >Palpebral conjunctiva >Fornix

Conjunctiv **Lacrimal secretions contain lysozyme-an a -Mucous membrane; barrier to the

enzyme that destroys external environment & nourishes the bacteria eye 5/3/12 -Contains Goblet cells that secret

LAYERS OF THE EYE

I. External layer II. Middle layer III. Internal layer

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a. SCLERA

I. External layer

-an opaque white tissue; dense, fibrous structure -helps maintain the shape of the eyeball; Protective layer of the eye -tendons of the extra ocular muscles blend with it for insertion

b. CORNEA

-a dense transparent, avascular and domelike layer that forms the anterior most portion of the eye ball -main REFRACTING surface of the 5/3/12 eye

II. Middle layer/Uvea

-The second layer of the eyeball; Vascular and heavily pigmented -Consists of the: a. Choroid b. Ciliary body c. Iris

The choroid is the dark brown membrane located between the sclera and the retina that has dark pigmentation

The choroid contains many blood vessels and supplies 5/3/12 nutrients to the retina.

II. Middle layer

The

ciliary body

-connects the choroid with the iris and secretes aqueous humor that helps give the eye its shape; -controls the accomodation thru zonular fibers -the muscles of the ciliary body control the thickness of the lens. Lens
-is -It is where the LENS is attached. structure behind the iris and in front of the vitreous body -colorless and almost completely transparent; biconvex structure held in position by the zonular fibers; avascular, has no nerve or pain fibers The lens bends rays of light so that the light falls on the retina. The curve of the lens changes to focus on near or distant objects. ***Accommodation*** 5/3/12

The iris
-Acts like a diaphragm of a camera -is the colored portion of the eye, located in front of the lens, and it has a central circular opening called the pupil

In close vision or there is bright light--pupils constrict In far vision or there is darkness---pupils 5/3/12 dilate

III. Internal layer

Consists of the retina, a thin, delicate structure in which the fibers of the optic nerve are distributed The retina is bordered externally by the choroid and sclera and internally by the vitreous. The retina is the visual receptive layer of the eye in which light waves are changed into nerve impulses; it contains blood vessels and photoreceptors called rods and cones.
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Rods and cone

Rods are responsible for peripheral vision and function at reduced levels of illumination. Cones function at bright levels of illumination and are responsible for color vision and central vision.

ROD

CON E

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Vitreous body
Contains a gelatinous substance that occupies the vitreous chamber, the space between the lens and the retina Vitreous The vitreous body humor transmits light and gives shape to -Gel-like substance the that maintainseye. posterior the

Aqueous humor
-The aqueous humor is a clear watery fluid; fills the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye. -is produced by the ciliary body, and the fluid drains into the canal of Schlemm. The anterior chamber lies between the cornea and the iris. The posterior chamber lies between the iris and the lens.

shape of the eye -Provides additional physical support to the retina 5/3/12 -encapsulated by

Optic disk

The optic disk is a creamy pink to white depressed area in the retina. The optic nerve enters and exits the eyeball at this area.
Optic disk

This area is called the blind spot because **** it contains only nerve fibers, lacks Macula photoreceptor cells, and is insensitive to -Small, oval, yellowish-pink light.

area located laterally and temporally to the optic disk -The central depressed part of the macula is the fovea centralis, the area of sharpest and keenest vision, where most acute vision occurs. 5/3/12

Canal of Schlemm:

Passageway that extends completely around the eye; it permits fluid to drain out of the eye into the systemic circulation so a constant intraocular pressure is maintained

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Nerves

Cranial nerve II: Optic nerve (nerve of sight) Cranial nerve III: Oculomotor

-moves eye medially, elevates eye, depresses eye and elevates eye and turns it laterally

Cranial nerve IV: Trochlear -depress eye and turns it laterally Cranial nerve VI: Abducens -moves eye laterally

Blood vessels

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The ophthalmic artery is the major artery supplying the structures in the eye.

VISUAL PATHWAY

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Visual Pathway Optic tract fibers synapse with neurons in the thalamus

Light enters the eye

Then through the optic tract Go through the optic chiasm

Cornea and the lens focus the light to the retina The light stimulates the rods and the cones-2 cell type found in the retina 5/3/12

Lateral geniculate bodies

Impulses are sent to the optic nerve

optic radiation

To the visual area of the cortex--occipital lobe

The impulse is then interpreted

Thank you! ^_^

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