JUSTICE BASHEER AHMED SAYEED COLLEGE FOR
WOMEN
(Autonomous) Afternoon Session Chennai 18.
S.I.E.T.
Prepared by
M. MINU MEERA, Assistant Professor
A. JUNAITHA BARVEEN, Assistant
Professor
06/22/24 Presenter Name: [Link] MEERA DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER
,[Link] BARVEEN, Department SCIENCE 1
of Computer Science
• Keep the flow of control in a program as simple
as possible.
• Use top-down design.
– Keep decomposing (also known as factoring) a
problem into smaller problems until you have a
collection of small problems that you can easily solve.
06/22/24 Presenter Name: [Link] MEERA ,[Link] BARVEEN, Department 2
of Computer Science
• C programs normally consist of a collection of
user-defined functions.
– Each function solves one of the small problems
obtained using top-down design.
– Functions call or invoke other functions as needed.
06/22/24 Presenter Name: [Link] MEERA ,[Link] BARVEEN, Department 3
of Computer Science
scanf()
printf() A series of Instructions
getc() that are to be executed
more than once
putc()
06/22/24 Presenter Name: [Link] MEERA ,[Link] BARVEEN, Department 4
of Computer Science
USER DEFINED FUNCTION : Some Terminology
SYNTAX : Header : Everything before the first brace.
return_datatype Body : Everything between the braces.
function_name(arguments) Type : Type of the value
{ returned by the
Body of the function function.
statements; Parameter List: A list of identifiers that
return; provide information for use within the
} body of the function. Also called formal
parameters.
call the function from main() :
syntax :
function_name(arguments );
06/22/24 Presenter Name: [Link] MEERA ,[Link] BARVEEN, Department 5
of Computer Science
#include<stdio.h>
void hai() //definition
{
printf(" Welcome to functions\n");
printf("Good Morning\n");
}
void main()
{
clrscr();
printf("Main, Welcome to functions\n");
hai(); //calling
printf("Bye");
getch();
}
06/22/24 Presenter Name: [Link] MEERA ,[Link] BARVEEN, Department 6
CSC COMPUTER EDUCATION,
[Link] of Computer Science
(Based on Return values and passing Arguments)
NO ARGUMENT NO RETURN VALUES
ARGUMENT BUT NO RETURN VALUES
NO ARGUMENT WITH RETURN VALUES
WITH ARGUMENT WITH RETURN VALUES
06/22/24 Presenter Name: [Link] MEERA ,[Link] BARVEEN, Department 7
of Computer Science
NO ARGUMENT NO RETURN VALUES
/* To perform Addition of two numbers */
/* NO ARGUMENT NO RETURN VALUES */
#include<stdio.h>
void add();
void main()
{
add();
printf(“main ends here");
add();
}
void add()
{
int a,b,c;
printf("Enter two numbers\n");
scanf("%d%d",&a,&b);
c=a+b;
printf("The sum is %d\n",c);
}
06/22/24 Presenter Name: [Link] MEERA ,[Link] BARVEEN, Department 8
of Computer Science
ARGUMENT BUT NO RETURN VALUES
/* To perform Addition of two numbers */
/* WITH ARGUMENT BUT NO RETURN VALUES*/
#include<stdio.h>
void add(int,int);
void main()
{
int x,y;
printf("Enter two number");
scanf("\t\t%d %d",&x,&y);
add(x,y); /* Actual Arguments */
}
void add(int a,int b) /* Formal Arguments */
{
int c=a+b;
printf("\t\tThe C Value is %d",c);
}
06/22/24 Presenter Name: [Link] MEERA ,[Link] BARVEEN, Department 9
of Computer Science
The return Statement
• When a return statement is executed, program control is immediately
passed back to the calling environment.
– If an expression follows the keyword return, the value of the
expression is returned to the calling environment as well.
return;
return expression;
If There is No return statement
•Control is passed back to the calling environment when the closing brace
of the body is encountered.
•Known as “falling of the end.”
06/22/24 Presenter Name: [Link] MEERA ,[Link] BARVEEN, Department 10
of Computer Science
NO ARGUMENT WITH RETURN VALUES
/* To perform Addition of two numbers
Without Argument and With Return values
*/
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int add(); //declaration
void main()
{
int c;
c=add(); /* Return Variable - c */
printf("The sum of two numbers is %d",c);
}
int add()
{
int a,b,c;
printf("Enter two Numbers=");
scanf("%d %d",&a,&b);
c=a+b;
return(c);
06/22/24
CSC COMPUTER EDUCATION,
} [Link] MEERA ,[Link] BARVEEN, Department
Presenter Name: 11
[Link] of Computer Science
WITH ARGUMENT WITH RETURN VALUES
/* To perform Addition of two numbers
With Argument and With Return values */
#include<stdio.h>
int add(int,int); //Function prototype declaration
void main()
{
int c;
printf("Enter two Numbers=");
scanf("%d %d",&a,&b);
c=add(a,b); /* Actual Arguments */
printf("The sum of two numbers is %d",c);
}
int add(int x,int y) /* Formal arguments */
{
int c;
c=x+y;
return(c);
}
06/22/24 Presenter Name: [Link] MEERA ,[Link] BARVEEN, Department 12
of Computer Science
Demo Program – Using a Function
to Calculate the Minimum of 2 Values
#include <stdio.h>
int min(int a, int b);
int main(void)
{
int j, k, m;
printf(“Input two integers: “);
scanf(“%d%d”, &j, &k);
m = min(j, k);
printf(“\nOf the two values %d and %d, “
“the minimum is %d.\n\n”, j, k, m);
return 0;
}
int min(int a, int b)
{
if (a < b)
return a;
else
return b;
}
06/22/24 Presenter Name: [Link] MEERA ,[Link] BARVEEN, Department 13
of Computer Science
Function Prototypes
• A function prototype tells the compiler:
– The number and type of arguments that are to be passed to the function.
– The type of the value that is to be returned by the function.
• General Form of a Function Prototype
type function_name( parameter type list);
• Example
double sqrt(double);
• The parameter list is typically a comma-separated list of types.
• Identifiers are optional.
void f(char c, int i);
is equivalent to
void f(char, int);
06/22/24 Presenter Name: [Link] MEERA ,[Link] BARVEEN, Department 14
of Computer Science
The Keyword void
• void is used if:
– A function takes no arguments.
– If no value is returned by the function.
06/22/24 Presenter Name: [Link] MEERA ,[Link] BARVEEN, Department 15
of Computer Science
Function Invocation
• As we have seen, a function is invoked (or
called) by writing its name and an appropriate
list of arguments within parentheses.
– The arguments must match in number and type the
parameters in the parameter list of the function
definition.
06/22/24 Presenter Name: [Link] MEERA ,[Link] BARVEEN, Department 16
of Computer Science
Call-by-Value
• In C, all arguments are passed call-by-value.
– This means that each argument is evaluated, and
its value is used in place of the corresponding
formal parameter in the called function.
06/22/24 Presenter Name: [Link] MEERA ,[Link] BARVEEN, Department 17
of Computer Science
Demonstration Program
for Call-by-Value
#include <stdio.h>
int compute_sum(int n);
int main(void)
{
int n = 3, sum;
printf(“%d\n”, n); /* 3 is printed */
sum = compute_sum(n);
printf(“%d\n”, n); /* 3 is printed */
printf(“%d\n”, sum);
return 0;
}
int compute_sum(int n)
{
int sum = 0;
for (; n > 0; --n) /* in main(), n is unchanged */
sum += n;
printf(“%d\n”, n); /* 0 is printed */
return sum;
}
06/22/24 Presenter Name: [Link] MEERA ,[Link] BARVEEN, Department 18
of Computer Science
Standard Style for Function Definition Order
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
list of function prototypes
int main(void)
{
...
}
int max(int a, int b)
{
...
}
int min(int a, int b)
{
...
}
void prn_random_numbers(int k)
{
...
}
06/22/24 Presenter Name: [Link] MEERA ,[Link] BARVEEN, Department 19
of Computer Science
Alternate Style for Function Definition Order
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int max(int a, int b)
{
...
}
int min(int a, int b)
{
...
}
void prn_random_numbers(int k)
{
...
}
int main(void)
{
...
}
06/22/24 Presenter Name: [Link] MEERA ,[Link] BARVEEN, Department 20
of Computer Science
The function is allowed access the actual
memory location(Address) of the argument
(original variable) and therefore can change
the value of the arguments of the calling
routine have to be changed.
06/22/24 Presenter Name: [Link] MEERA ,[Link] BARVEEN, Department 21
of Computer Science
/*CALL BY REFERENCE as well as to swap 2 numbers
using pointers */
#include<stdio.h>
void swap(int *,int *);
void main()
{
int a,b;
printf("\nEnter the numbers to swap");
scanf("%d %d",&a,&b);
printf("The values before swapping :");
printf("\n%d %d",a,b);
swap(&a,&b);
}
Continue….
06/22/24 Presenter Name: [Link] MEERA ,[Link] BARVEEN, Department 22
of Computer Science
void swap(int *e,int *f)
{
int *temp;
*temp=*e;
*e=*f;
*f=*temp;
printf("\n The swapped values are %d %d",*e,*f);
}
Enter the numbers to swap = 5 NOTE :
6
The values before swapping : 5 6 & Address of
The swapped values are : 6 5
* Content of
06/22/24 Presenter Name: [Link] MEERA ,[Link] BARVEEN, Department 23
of Computer Science
Functions are easier to write and understand
The arguments are seperated by commas
The body of the function may consist of one or many
statements
It cannot be defined within another function
Function prototype is a function declaration that specifies
the data types of the arguments
Calling one function from within another is said to be
nesting of Function calls
main() returns an integer which is generally the operating
system
06/22/24 Presenter Name: [Link] MEERA ,[Link] BARVEEN, Department 24
of Computer Science
Session Summary
A function is a self contained program segment (block of statements) that performs
some specific well defined task.
Three steps in using a function are defining a function, prviding a prototype and calling
the function.
Return statement is used to return the information from the function to the calling
portion of the program
Scope of a variable is defined as the region over which the variable is visible or valid.
06/22/24 Presenter Name: [Link] MEERA ,[Link] BARVEEN, Department 25
of Computer Science
EXERCISES
1. Write a program to sort the numbers in ascending order using functions?
2. Write a program to calculate xn using functions?
3. Write a program to check whether the year is leap year or not using functions?
4. Write a program to find the square of first N Numbers and to calculate its sum?
5. Write a program to swap two numbers using functions?
06/22/24 Presenter Name: [Link] MEERA ,[Link] BARVEEN, Department 26
of Computer Science
06/22/24 Presenter Name: [Link] MEERA ,[Link] BARVEEN, Department 27
of Computer Science
