MALLA REDDY
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
HYBRIDIZATION
By-
Name: M A N I C H A R A N
Roll no.: 23JA1A0115
Branch: C E
HYBRIDIZATION
⚫Definition – model that describes
the changes in the atomic orbitals
of an atom when it forms a covalent
compound.
⚫The new set of orbitals are
called “hybrid orbitals”.
What about carbon?
⚫ Carbon almost always forms four covalent bonds.
⚫ Its electron configuration though is 1s22s22px12py1
which would lead one to expect carbon to only
form two covalent bonds due to the two singly
occupied orbitals.
⚫ Because carbon does form 4 and not 2 covalent
bonds, its ground state electron configuration
changes during bonding.
⚫ The process of “excitation” occurs so that one of the
“2s” electrons is excited to the unoccupied “p” orbital,
thus giving it four singly occupied orbitals available
for bonding.
Why hybridization?
⚫ Let’s look at methane – CH4
⚫ It has a tetrahedral shape with identical bonds
and bond angles of 109.5 degrees.
⚫ We know that the bonding is happening between the
valence electrons of the carbon and four hydrogen
atoms.
⚫ All of the hydrogen valence electrons come from the 1s
orbitals.
⚫ However, the carbon atomic orbitals available for
bonding are 1 – s and 3-p orbitals after the process
of excitation.
Comments about hybrid
orbitals
⚫ 1. They do not exist in isolated atoms.
⚫ 2. They are found only in covalent compounds.
⚫ 3. They are equivalent in a compound.
⚫ 4.The number of hybrid orbitals in a bonded atom is
equal to the number of atomic orbitals used to form
the hybrid orbitals.
⚫ 5. The type of hybrid orbitals depends upon the electron
domain geometry.
⚫ 6.The atom is able to form stronger covalent bonds using
hybrid orbitals.
sp3 Hybridization
⚫ The previous example which explained the bonding in
methane, CH4, is a classic example of sp3
hybridization.
⚫ This type of hybridization occurs when the three “p”
orbitals and one “s” orbital hybridize to form four identical
sigma bonds.
⚫ The shape is tetrahedral and has bond angles of
109.5 degrees.
sp2 Hybridization
⚫ When carbon forms a double bond as in ethene,
it undergoes sp2 hybridization.
⚫ This type of hybridization occurs when the three “p”
orbitals and one “s” orbital hybridize to form three hybrid
orbitals and leaves one unhybridized “p” orbital.
⚫ The shape is trigonal planar with bond angles of
120 degrees.
⚫ The unhybridized “p” orbitals overlap sideways forming a
pi bond.
sp Hybridization
⚫ When carbon forms a triple bond as in ethyne,
it undergoes sp hybridization.
⚫ This type of hybridization occurs when the three “p”
orbitals and one “s” orbital hybridize to form two hybrid
orbitals and leaves two unhybridized “p” orbitals.
⚫ The shape is linear with bond angles of 180 degrees.
⚫ The unhybridized “p” orbitals overlap sideways forming
two pi bonds.
Ref: jahschem.wikispaces.com
APPLICATION/SKILLS
Be able to identify and explain
the relationships between Lewis
structures, electron domains,
molecular geometries and types
of hybridization.
(This is a review of the
information found in ppt 4.3)
LINEAR
⚫ A linear molecule has two electron
domains.
⚫ The angle is 180 degrees and it has “sp” hybridization.
⚫ The Lewis structure has no “lone pairs” of electrons.
TRIGONAL PLANAR
⚫ A trigonal planar molecule has 3 electron
domains.
⚫ It has angles of 120 degrees and “sp2” hybridization.
⚫ The bent molecule can also have 3 effective pairs if
it has one lone pair of electrons.
TETRAHEDRAL
⚫A tetrahedral molecule has four electron
domains.
⚫It has angles of 109.5 degrees and
“sp3” hybridization.
⚫Trigonal pyramidal and “bent” with 2 lone pairs
can also have this geometry.
TRIGONAL BIPYRAMIDAL
⚫ A trigonal bipyramidal molecule has 5 electron
domains.
⚫ It has angles of 90 and 120 degrees and
“dsp3” hybridization.
OCTAHEDRA
L
⚫ An octahedral molecule has 6 electron domains.
⚫ It has angles of 90 degrees and “d2sp3” hybridization.
