IPRC MUSANZE

Integrated Polytechnic
Regional College

WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM DESIGN

WASDW801
Lecturer
Dr Janvier MUNYANEZA
Email: [email protected]
Mobile: 0792997916/ 0735398681
 Water pollution
Chap 0. Water as a resource: Some related issues

What is water pollution?

The contamination of water bodies (e.g lakes,
rivers, groundwater, oceans, lagoons) very often
by human activities.
Or,
Any chemical, biological, or physical change in
water quality that has a harmful effect on living
organisms or makes water unsuitable for a
desired usage.
Water pollution
Water pollution
Water pollution
 Water pollution
Who are suffering from water pollution?
 3.4 million
premature deaths
each year from

Globally
waterborne
diseases
 1.9 million
From diarrhea
 U.S. 1.5 million
water-related
illnesses
 Water pollution

How does it occur ?

Water pollution occurs when pollutants are

discharged directly into water bodies
without adequate treatment to remove
harmful compounds.
 Water pollution
Mechanism of water pollution
Water pollution

Sources of Water Pollution

 Water pollution
Sources of Water Pollution
Point source
Those sources which discharge water pollutants directly into the water are
known
as point sources of water pollution. Oil wells situated near water bodies,
factories,
power plants, underground coal mines, etc. are point sources of water
pollution.

Non-Point source
Those sources which do not have any specific location for discharging
pollutants,
in the water body are known as non-point sources of water pollution.
Run-offs from agricultural fields, lawns, gardens, construction sites, roads
and streets are some non-point sources of water pollution.
 Water pollution
Major Sources of Water Pollution
Agriculture: by far the
leading source
• Sediment, fertilizers,
bacteria from livestock,
food processing, salt
from soil irrigation
Industrial: factories and
power plants
Mining: surface mining
toxics, acids, sediments
 Water pollution

Surface water pollution

• Surface water includes natural water found
on the earth's surface, like rivers, lakes,
lagoons and oceans.

• Hazardous substances coming into contact

with this surface water, dissolving or mixing
physically with the water can be called
surface water pollution.
 Water pollution
Sources of surface water pollution
 Water pollution
Sources of surface water pollution
• Domestic sewage discharged into rivers from
areas located on its banks.
• Industrial wastes effluents from urban areas
containing high concentration of oil, heavy
metals and detergents.
• Chemical fertilizers, pesticides, insecticides,
herbicides and plant remains.
• Radioactive waste from nuclear reactor.
• Excretory wastes of humans and animals in
water bodies.
 Water pollution

Ground water pollution

• When humans apply pesticides and

chemicals to soils, they are washed deep
into the ground by rain water.
• This gets to underground water, causing
pollution underground.
• This means when we dig wells and bore
holes to get water from underground, it
needs to be checked for water pollution.
 Water pollution
Sources of groundwater pollution
Low flow rate Low oxygen
Few bacteria Cold temperature

Factors
precluding
cleansing
Water pollution
Groundwater Pollution
Prevention
Monitor aquifers
Find less hazardous substitutes
Leak detection systems
Strictly regulating hazardous waste
disposal
Store hazardous materials above
ground
 Water pollution
Freshwater Stream Pollution
Flowing streams can recover
from moderate level of
degradable water pollution if
their flows are not reduced.
Natural biodegradation
process
Does not work if overloaded
or stream flow reduced
Does not work against non
biodegradable pollutants
 Water pollution
What are the water contaminants?
Infectious Agents: bacteria and viruses often
from animal wastes
Oxygen Demanding Wastes: organic waste
that needs oxygen often from animal waste,
paper mills and food processing
Inorganic Chemicals: Acids and toxic
chemicals often from runoffs, industries and
household cleaners
Organic Chemicals: oil, gasoline, plastics,
detergents often from surface runoffs, industries
and cleaners
 Water pollution

What are the water contaminants?

Plant Nutrients: water soluble nitrates,

ammonia and phosphates often from sewage,
agricultural and urban fertilizers
Sediments: soils and silts from land erosion and
can disrupt photosynthesis, destroy spawning
grounds, clog rivers and streams
Heat Pollution and Radioactivity: mostly from
power plants
 Water pollution
What are the water contaminants?
Oil Spillage
 Sources: offshore wells,
tankers, pipelines and
storage tanks
 Effects: death of organisms,
loss of animal insulation
and buoyancy, smothering
 Significant economic impacts
 Mechanical cleanup methods:
skimmers and blotters
 Chemical cleanup methods:
coagulants and
dispersing agents
 Water pollution

Suspended Matter
• Some pollutants (substances, particles and
chemicals) do not easily dissolve in water.
• This kind of material is called particulate matter.
• Some suspended pollutants later settle under the
water body.
• This can harm and even kill aquatic life that live
at the floor of water bodies.
 Water pollution
Effects of water pollution

• The effects of water pollution are varied and

depend on what chemicals are dumped and
in which locations.
• Many water bodies near urban areas are
highly polluted.
• This is the result of both garbage dumped by
individuals and dangerous chemicals legally
or illegally dumped by manufacturing
industries, health centers, schools and
market places.
 Water pollution
Effects of water pollution
• Polluted water causes some of the deadly diseases
like cholera, dysentery, diarrhea, tuberculosis,
jaundice, etc.
• Biomagnification
 Non-biodegradable pesticides, such as DDT
are widely used for crop protection.
 Once they enter the food chain, their concentration
keeps on increasing with each trophic level
(steps of a food chain).
 Water pollution
Effects of water pollution

Biomagnification (cont'd)

Entry of harmful non-biodegradable chemicals

in small concentrations and
their accumulation in greater concentrations
in the various levels of food chain is
called biomagnification.

Water → Algae → Fish → Pelican bird (top consumer)

 Water pollution
Effects of water pollution
Biomagnification (cont'd)
DDT used in small quantities to kill mosquitoes can
enter the food chain and may get concentrated in
large concentration due to its non-biodegradable
nature in the body of birds (top) consumer
Water pollution
Effects of water pollution
 Water pollution
Effect of Nutrients- Eutrophication

 Water supports aquatic life because of the presence of nutrients in it.

 Excess fertilizers from agricultural fields may mix with surface water
and may get drained into water bodies (surface runoff).
 The enrichment of water with nutrients such as nitrates and
phosphates that triggers the growth of green algae is called
eutrophication.
 This fast growth of algae followed by decomposition depletes
the water body of its dissolved oxygen.
 As a result aquatic animals die of oxygen shortage.
Water pollution
Effect of Nutrients- Eutrophication
 Water pollution
Effect of Nutrients- Eutrophication
Eutrophication in Lakes
 Water pollution
Water pollution control measures
• Recycling and Reuse of water
• Treating industrial effluents before discharging into rivers,
separate channels for river and sewage water
• Avoid contamination of rivers, lakes and ponds by washing clothes, bathing. etc.
• Not throwing waste, food materials, paper, biodegradable vegetables and
plastic into open drains.
• Qualified and experienced people must be consulted from time to
time for effective control of water pollution.
• Public awareness must be initiated regarding adverse effects of
water pollution using the media.
• Laws, standards and practices should be established to prevent water
pollution and these laws should be
modified from time to time based on current requirements and technological
advancements.
 Wastewater (WW)
Definition
o Wastewater (WW), also called Sewage, Any
water, which has been transformed by
anthropogenic activities to such an extent
that it becomes unsuitable for direct human
use.
o Sewers are a network of pipes that bring the
sewage to the treatment plant for treatment.
o It is typically categorized by the manner in
which it is generated. Specifically, as domestic
sewage, industrial sewage, or storm sewage
(stormwater)
Wastewater
Wastewater
 Wastewater

o Wastewater comes from ordinary living

processes: toilets flushing, showers (bathing),
clothes washers (laundry), dishwashers, etc.
o Wastewater comes from residential and
domestic sources.
o Commercial wastewater comes from non-
domestic sources, such as beauty salon,
taxidermy, furniture refinishing, musical
instrument cleaning, or auto body repair
shops.
Wastewater
Wastewater

•Agriculture: Pesticides and animal wastes are found in

agricultural wastewater.
•Industries: Toxic substances such as lead and chromium can
be found in wastewater produced by some industries.
•Mining and construction: Mining methods generate large
volumes of wastewater, while construction wastewater
contains cement and other substances.
•Hospitals and Offices: Hospital and office wastewater are
contaminated with bacteria and pathogens.
•Domestic activities generate wastewater that contains solid
particles such as metal,plastics, detergents, and human feces.
Wastewater
Types

There are three types of wastewater or

sewage:

1. Domestic sewage,
2. Industrial sewage, and
3. Storm sewage (stormwater)
Wastewater
Types of WW from household
Wastewater

Physical, chemical and biological properties of WW

Wastewater
Wastewater
 Wastewater
A. Physical characteristics

i) Solids
Types:
1) Total Solids (TS)
2) Settleable solids: Settleable solids are
measured as ml/L, which is an approximate
measure of the sludge that can be removed
by primary sedimentation.
3) Suspended solids (SS) and Filterable solids
(FS).
 Wastewater
Physical characteristics
ii) Odor

Odor is produced by gas production due to the

decomposition of organic matter or by
substances added to the wastewater.

Detection of odor: Odor is measured by special

instruments such as the Portable H2S meter
which is used for measuring the concentration
of hydrogen sulfide.
Wastewater
Physical characteristics
ii) Odor
 Wastewater

Physical characteristics
iii) Temperature

Temperature of wastewater is commonly higher

than that of water supply. Depending on the
geographic location the mean annual
temperature varies in the range of 10 to 21 oC
with an average of 16 oC.
 Wastewater

Physical characteristics

iii) Temperature
Importance of temperature:
o Affects chemical reactions during the
wastewater treatment process.
o Affects aquatic life (Fish,…).
o Oxygen solubility is less in worm water than
cold water.
o Optimum temperature for bacterial activity is
in the range of 25°C to 35°
 Wastewater

Physical characteristics
iii) Temperature
o Aerobic digestion and nitrification stop
when the temperature rises to 50o C.
When the temperature drops to about
15°c, methane producing bacteria become
in active.
o Nitrifying bacteria stop activity at about
5°c.
Wastewater

Physical characteristics
iv) Density
Almost the same density of water when the
wastewater doesn't include significant amount
of industrial waste.
v) Color
 Wastewater
Physical characteristics
vi) Turbidity
It's a measure of the light – transmitting
properties of water.
B. Chemical characteristics of wastewater
Points of concern regarding the chemical
characteristics of wastewater are:
-Organic matter
-Measurements of organic matter
-Inorganic matter
-Gases
-pH
 Wastewater

B. Chemical characteristics of wastewater

Organic matter (CaHbOc)

Organic mater is derived from animals &

plants and man activities.
 Wastewater

B. Chemical characteristics of wastewater

Measurements of organic matter
Many parameters have been used to measure the
concentration of organic matter in wastewater. The
following are the most common used methods:
Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD).
BOD5 is the oxygen equivalent of organic matter.
It is determined by measuring the dissolved oxygen
used by microorganisms during the biochemical
oxidation of organic matter in 5 days at 20oC
 Wastewater
B. Chemical characteristics of wastewater
Chemical oxygen demand (COD)
It is the oxygen equivalent of organic matter.
It is determined by measuring the dissolved
oxygen used during the chemical oxidation
of organic matter in 3 hours.
Theoretical oxygen (ThOD)
If the chemical formula of the organic matter
existing in the WW is known the ThOD may
be computed as the amount of oxygen
needed to oxidize the organic carbon to
carbon dioxide and a other end products.
 Wastewater
B. Chemical characteristics of wastewater
Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD):

The following are the theoretical equations

used to calculate the BOD.
The Figure shown is used to describe the
change of BOD with time. From the
figure the following correlations are derived:
 Wastewater
B. Chemical characteristics of wastewater
 Wastewater
B. Chemical characteristics of wastewater
Example
1) Determine the 1-day BOD and ultimate
BOD for a wastewater whose 5- day 20 °C
BOD is 200 mg/L. The reaction constant K=
0.23d-1 what would have been the 5-day
BOD if it had been conducted at 25°C?