Charts
(Endocrine and Reproduction)
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSIOLOGY
SREE BALAJI MEDICAL COLLEGE AND HOSPITAL
1. Identify the clinical condition? (1 mark)
2. What is the cause for this clinical condition? (1 mark)
3. Mention important features of this clinical condition? (2
mark)
4. Mention the laboratory test you recommend for confirming
the diagnosis? (1 mark)
Myxedema
1. Identify the clinical condition? (1 mark)
Myxedema
2. What is the cause for this clinical condition? (1 mark)
Hypothyroidism – causes-thyroiditis, endemic colloid goiter, idiopathic colloid goiter
3. Mention important features of this clinical condition? (2 mark)
Bagginess under the eyes and swelling of the face. Edema is the nonpitting type,
Fatigue, Extreme somnolence, Extreme muscular sluggishness, Slowed heart rate,
decreased cardiac output, decreased blood volume, Increased body weight, Depressed
growth of hair.
4. Mention the laboratory test you recommend for confirming the diagnosis? (1 mark)
Thyroid function test
1. Identify the clinical condition? (1 mark)
2. What is the cause for this condition? (1 mark)
3. Name any three clinical features of this clinical condition? (3 marks)
Acromegaly
1. Identify the clinical condition? (1 mark)
Acromegaly
2. What is the cause for this condition? (1 mark)
Hyper secretion of growth hormone in adults after the fusion of epiphysis with the
shaft of the bone
3. Mention any three clinical features of this clinical condition? (3 marks)
i. Enlargement of the bones of the hands and feet and in the membranous bones,
including the cranium, nose, bosses on the forehead, supraorbital ridges, lower jawbone,
and portions of the vertebrae
ii. The lower jaw protrudes forward, the forehead slants forward
iii. The nose size increases, the feet size increases
iv. The fingers become thickened
v. The tongue, the liver, and especially the kidneys, become greatly enlarged.
1. Identify the clinical condition? (1 mark)
2. What is the cause for this condition? (1 mark)
3. Mention any two main features of this clinical condition? (2 marks)
4. Mention the laboratory test you recommend for confirming the diagnosis?
(1 mark)
Hyper thyroidism
1. Identify the clinical condition? (1 mark)
Exophthalmic hyperthyroidism
2. What is the cause for this condition? (1 mark)
Hyper thyroidism causes -Toxic Goiter, Thyrotoxicosis, Graves' Disease
3. Mention any two main features of this clinical condition? (2 marks)
(1) High state of excitability (2) Intolerance to heat(3) Increased sweating (4) Mild to
extreme weight loss (5) Varying degrees of diarrhea(6) Muscle weakness (7) Nervousness
or other psychic disorders (8) Extreme fatigue but inability to sleep (9) Tremor of the
hands (10) Exophthalmos -protrusion of the eyes and retraction of the superior eyelids
4. Mention the laboratory test you recommend for confirming the diagnosis? (1 mark)
Thyroid function test (direct measurement of the concentration of "free" thyroxine and
sometimes triiodothyronine) in the plasma
1. Diagnose the condition? (1 mark)
2. Name the hormones involved in the calcium homeostasis? (1 mark)
3. What is the normal value of serum calcium level? (1 mark)
4. Mention any two features of hypocalcemic tetany? (2 marks)
Tetany
1. Diagnose the condition? (1 mark)
Hypocalcemic Tetany in the hand called Carpo pedal spasm
2. Name the hormones involved in the calcium homeostasis? (1 mark)
i. Paratharmone
ii. Calcitriol
iii. Calcitonin
3. What is the normal value of serum calcium level? (1 mark)
Between 9 and 11mg/dl (9.4mg/dl)
4. Mention any two features of hypocalcemic tetany? (2 marks)
i. Hyper-reflexia and convulsion
ii. Carpo pedal spasm in hand and feet (hand shows flexion at wrist joint, adduction
of thumb, flexion at metacarpophalangeal joints and extension of interphalangeal joints)
1. Diagnose the condition. (1 mark)
2. Mention its cause and features. (4 marks)
Grave’s disease
1. Diagnose the condition. (1 mark)
Grave’s disease
2. Mention its cause and features. (4 marks)
Causes - This is an autoimmune disease that occurs due to
development of autoantibodies against TSH receptors. The antibodies
formed against the TSH receptors activate the receptors.
Features - plasma level of T3 and T4 is very high, TSH
concentration is less as excess thyroid hormones inhibit TSH secretion,
Exophthalmos occurs due to swelling of extraocular muscles and
proliferation of connective tissue within the bony walls of the orbit that
pushes the eyeball forward.
1. Diagnose the condition which is seen in the left and right
side of the chart? (1 mark)
2. What is the cause for this condition? (1 mark)
3. Name any three features seen in this condition? (3 marks)
Cushing's syndrome
1. Diagnose the condition which is seen in the left and right side of the chart? (1
mark)
Person with Cushing's syndrome before (left) and after (right) subtotal
adrenalectomy.
Demonstrated in the untreated patient with Cushing's syndrome to the left.
2. What is the cause for this condition? (1 mark)
Hypersecretion by the adrenal cortex mainly by glucocorticoids (cortisol).
3. Name any three features seen in this condition? (3 marks)
i. Mobilization of fat from the lower part of the body, with concomitant extra
deposition of fat in the thoracic and upper abdominal regions, giving rise to a buffalo
torso.
ii. Edematous appearance of the face – moon face.
iii. Acne and hirsutism (excess growth of facial hair).
1. Identify the chart. (2 marks)
2. What are the different phases during this cycle? (2 marks)
3. Which hormone predominantly seen in the first half of this cycle?
(1 mark)
Endometrial Cycle
1. Identify the chart. (2 marks)
Drawing of endometrial anatomy as it varies through the
menstrual cycle
2. What are the different phases during this cycle? (2 marks)
i. Menstrual phase
ii. Proliferative phase
iii. Secretary phase
3. Which hormone predominantly seen in the first half of this
cycle? (1 mark)
Estrogen
1. Identify the picture. (1 mark)
2. How would you fill up the A,B,C,D,E,F and G?(2 marks)
3. Explain the changes taking place in this picture in detail. (2 marks)
Menstrual cycle
1. Identify the picture. (1 mark)
Menstrual cycle
2. How would you fill up the A,B,C,D,E,F and G?(2 marks)
A – Ovulation
B – Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
C – Follicular stimulating hormone (FSH)
D - Estradiol
E – Progestrone
F – Follicular phase
G – Luteal phase
3. Explain the changes taking place in this picture in detail. (2 marks)
i) Changes in LH and FSH level
ii) Changes in estrogen and progesterone level
iii) Endometrial changes
iv) Follicular changes
A B
1. Identify the picture A and B? (2 marks)
2. What is the basis of this test? (2 marks)
3. Name the hormone detected in the specimen. (1 mark)
Pregnancy test
1. Identify the picture A and B? (2 marks)
Pregnancy kit: Picture A shows negative result . B shows positive result
2. What is the basis of this test? (1 marks)
Immuno assay, this test measures the amount of the hormone in your urine
or blood.
3. Name the hormone detected in the specimen. (1 mark)
hCG
4. Can this test be positive without pregnancy? (1 mark)
That’s rare. But it is possible to get a positive result from a home
pregnancy test when you are not pregnant. This is called a false-positive.
1. Identify the chart? (1 mark)
2. Mention any 2 functions of this structure. (2 marks)
3. Mention any two functions of progesterone during
pregnancy? (2 marks)
Fetoplacental unit
1. Identify the chart? (1 mark)
Fetoplacental unit
2. Mention any 2 functions of this structure. (2 marks)
i. Gas exchange
ii. Metabolic transfer
iii. Hormone secretion
iv. Fetal protection
3. Mention any two functions of progesterone during pregnancy? (2 marks)
i. Decidual cells to develop in the uterine endometrium, and these cells play
an important role in the nutrition of the early embryo.
ii. Decreases the contractility of the pregnant uterus, thus preventing uterine
contractions from causing spontaneous abortion.
iii. Contributes to the development of the conceptus even before implantation.
