The Extraordinary Properties of Water
Water
A water molecule (H2O), is made up of three atoms --one oxygen and two hydrogen.
H
H
O
Water is Polar
In each water molecule, the oxygen atom attracts more than its "fair share" of electrons The oxygen end acts negative The hydrogen end acts positive Causes the water to be POLAR However, Water is neutral (equal number of e- and p+) --- Zero Net Charge
Hydrogen Bonds Exist Between Water Molecules
Formed between a highly Electronegative atom of a polar molecule and a Hydrogen One hydrogen bond is weak , but many hydrogen bonds are strong
Interaction Between Water Molecules
Negative Oxygen end of one water molecule is attracted to the Positive Hydrogen end of another water molecule to form a HYDROGEN BOND
What are the Properties of Water?
Properties of Water
At sea level, pure water boils at 100 C and freezes at 0 C. The boiling temperature of water decreases at higher elevations (lower atmospheric pressure).
For this reason, an egg will take longer to boil at higher altitudes
Properties of Water
Cohesion
Properties of Water
Cohesion Adhesion
Properties of Water
Cohesion Adhesion High Specific Heat
Properties of Water
Cohesion Adhesion High Specific Heat High Heat of Vaporization
Properties of Water
Cohesion Adhesion High Specific Heat High Heat of Vaporization Less Dense as a Solid
Cohesion
Attraction between particles of the same substance ( why water is attracted to itself) Results in Surface tension (a measure of the strength of waters surface) Produces a surface film on water that allows insects to walk on the surface of water
Cohesion
Helps insects walk across water
Adhesion
Attraction between two different substances. Water will make hydrogen bonds with other surfaces such as glass, soil, plant tissues, and cotton. Capillary action-water molecules will tow each other along when in a thin glass tube. Example: transpiration process which plants and trees remove water from the soil, and paper towels soak up water.
Adhesion Causes Capillary Action
Which gives water the ability to climb structures
Adhesion Also Causes Water to
Form spheres & hold onto plant leaves
Attach to a silken spider web
High Specific Heat
Amount of heat needed to raise or lower 1g of a substance 1 C. Water resists temperature change, both for heating and cooling. Water can absorb or release large amounts of heat energy with little change in actual temperature.
High Heat of Vaporization
Amount of energy to convert 1g or a substance from a liquid to a gas In order for water to evaporate, hydrogen bonds must be broken. As water evaporates, it removes a lot of heat with it.
High Heat of Vaporization
Water's heat of vaporization is 540 cal/g. In order for water to evaporate, each gram must GAIN 540 calories (temperature doesnt change --100oC). As water evaporates, it removes a lot of heat with it (cooling effect).
Water vapor forms a kind of global blanket which helps to keep the Earth warm. Heat radiated from the sun warmed surface of the earth is absorbed and held by the vapor.
Water is Less Dense as a Solid
Ice is less dense as a solid than as a liquid (ice floats) Liquid water has hydrogen bonds that are constantly being broken and reformed. Frozen water forms a crystal-like lattice whereby molecules are set at fixed distances.
Which is ice and which is water?
Water is Less Dense as a Solid
Water is Less Dense as a Solid
Water Ice
Homeostasis
Ability to maintain a steady state despite changing conditions Water is important to this process because: a. Makes a good insulator b. Resists temperature change c. Universal solvent d. Coolant e. Ice protects against temperature extremes (insulates frozen lakes)
Solutions & Suspensions
Water is usually part of a mixture. There are two types of mixtures: Solutions Suspensions
Solution
Ionic compounds disperse as ions in water Evenly distributed SOLUTE Substance that is being dissolved SOLVENT Substance into which the solute dissolves
Solution
Suspensions
Substances that dont dissolve but separate into tiny pieces. Water keeps the pieces suspended so they dont settle out.
Acids, Bases and pH
One water molecule in 550 million naturally dissociates into a Hydrogen Ion (H+) and a Hydroxide Ion (OH-)
H2O
H+
+ OH
Hydrogen Ion Acid
Hydroxide Ion Base
The pH Scale
Indicates the concentration of H+ ions Ranges from 0 14 pH of 7 is neutral pH 0 up to 7 is acid H+ pH above 7 14 is basic OH Each pH unit represents a factor of 10X change in concentration pH 3 is 10 x 10 x 10 (1000) stronger than a pH of 6
Acids
Strong Acids have a pH of 1-3 Produce lots of
H+ ions
Bases
Strong Bases have a pH of 11 to 14 Contain lots of OHions and fewer H+ ions
Buffers
Weak acids or bases that react with strong acids or bases to prevent sharp, sudden changes in pH (neutralization). Produced naturally by the body to maintain homeostasis
Weak Acid
Weak Base
