Digital Logic Design

Data
Representation

Instructor: Muhammad Zeshan Qurashi

Department of Computing
Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University
(STMU). 1
 Digital Data Representation
 A well known example of digital data is finite integer representation using Decimal Number
system
Decimal Number System
 It has Base 10
 A number base is the total number of digits that a system of counting uses to
higher numbers
 Decimal number system contains 10 numbers (0,1,2,…, 9) that are used to
represent any other number
 Decimal number system is a positional number system in which every
number greater
than 9 is represented as sum of products

2
Number System

3
 Introduction

 Many number systems are in use in digital

technology. The most common are :
• Decimal (Base 10)
• Binary (Base 2)
• Octal (Base 8)
• Hexadecimal (Base 16)

• The decimal system is the number system

that we use everyday

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Number System
 Decimal system uses 10 symbols
(digits)
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
 Octal System uses eight symbols

0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
 Binary System uses only two

symbols
0 and 1
 Hexadecimal System uses sixteen

symbols
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E,
F

to represent any number, no matter how large or how 5

 Decimal Number System

• Base (radix) = 10
– 10 digits { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,
9 } Position
• Digit 2 1 0 -1 -
– Integer & fraction 2
4 1 5 4 4
• Digit Weight
100 10 1 0.1 0.01
– Weight = (Base) Position

– Weight = (10) Position

• Magnitude
400 10 5 0.4 0.04
– Sum of “Digit x Weight”
d2*B2+d1*B1+d0*B0+d-1*B-1+d-2*B-2

• Formal Notation (415.44)10

6
 Decimal System

 The decimal system is composed of 10 numerals or

symbols. These 10 symbols are 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9;
using these symbols as digits of a number, we can
express any quantity.
 Example : 3501.51

3 5 0 1 . 5 1

digit
Most Least
Significant decimal Significant
Digit point Digit 7
Binary Number System

• Base (radix) = 2
– 2 digits { 0, 1 }, also called
“bits”
• Weights 4 2 1 1/2 1/4
– Weight = (Base) Position 1 0 1 0 1
– Weight = (2) Position
2 1 0 -1 -2
• Magnitude
1 *22+0 *21+1 *20+0 *2-1+1 *2-2
– Sum of “Bit x Weight”
=(5.25)10
• Formal Notation
(101.01)2
• Groups of bits
– 4 bits = Nibble {1 0 1 1}
– 8 bits = Byte {1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1}
– 16 bits = {1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0
Word 0} 8
 Binary System

 The binary system is composed of 2 numerals or

symbols 0 and 1; using these symbols as digits
of a number, we can express any quantity.
 Example : 1101.01

1 1 0 1 . 0 1

bit
Most Least
Significant binary Significant
Bit point Bit 9
 Octal Number System
• Base (radix) = 8
– 8 digits { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 }
• Weights 64 8 1 1/8 1/64

– Weight = (Base) Position 5 1 2 7 4

– Weight = (8) Position 2 1 0 -1 -
• Magnitude 2
5 *82+1 *81+2 *80+7 *8-1+4 *8-2
– Sum of “Digit x =(330.9375)10
Weight”
• Formal Notation (512.74)8

10
 Hexadecimal Number System
• Base (radix) = 16
– 16 digits { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E,
F}
256 16 1 1/16 1/256
• Weights
– Weight = (Base) Position

– Weight = (16) Position 1 E 5 7 A

• Magnitude 2 1 0
-1 -2
– Sum of “Digit x Weight”
1 *162+14 *161+5 *160+7 *16-1+10 *16-2

• Formal Notation =(485.4765625)10

(1E5.7A)16

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 Number Systems
• Decimal Numbers Decimal Binary Octal Hex
– 10 Digits 00 0000 00 0
• Binary Numbers 01 0001 01 1
02 0010 02 2
– 2 Digits/Bits
03 0011 03 3
• Octal Numbers 04 0100 04 4
– 8 Digits 05 0101 05 5
06 0110 06 6
• Hexadecimal
07 0111 07 7
Numbers 08 1000 10 8
– 16 Digits 09 1001 11 9
10 1010 12 A
11 1011 13 B
12 1100 14 C
13 1101 15 D
14 1110 16 E
15 1111 17 F
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 Familia
r
Octal System Hexa decimal Decimal Binary
System
Base 4 number
(Base – 8 ns) Number Number Equivalent System
System (Base (Base-10) (Base-2) (Base -4)
– 16)
0 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 10 2
3 3 3 11 3
4 4 4 100 10
5 5 5 101 11
6 6 6 110 12
7 7 7 111 13
10 8 8 1000 20
11 9 9 1001 21
12 A 10 1010 22
13 B 11 1011 23
14 C 12 1100 30
15 D 13 1101 31
16 E 14 1110 32
17 F 15 1111 33
 Number Systems

Number System Base Possible Digits

Decimal 10 0,1,2,…,9

Binary 2 0,1

Octal 8 0,1,2,…,8

Hexadecimal 16 0,1,..9,A,B,C,D,E,F

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Bits, Bytes, Nibbles

 Bits (b) 10010110

most least
significant significant
bit bit

byte
 Bytes & Nibbles
🞑 Byte (B) = 8 bits 10010110
nibble
 Used everyday
🞑 Nibble (N)
 = Not
4 bits
commonly used CEBF9AD7
most least
significant significant
byte byte
15
KB, MB, GB …

 In computer, the basic unit is byte (B)

 And, we use KB, MB, GB many many many times
🞑 210 = 1024 = 1KB
(kilobyte)
🞑 220 = 1024 x 1024 = 1MB
(megabyte)
🞑 230 = 1024 x 1024 x 1024 = 1GB
(gigabyte)
 How about these?
🞑 240 = 1TB
🞑 250 = (terabyte)
🞑 260 = 1PB
🞑 270 = (petabyte)
🞑 … 1EB
(exabyte) 16
Decimal Number Quantity (positional
number)

 3501 (base-10)

1 X 100 = 1

0 X 101 = 0
5 X 102 = 500
3 X 103 = 3000

3000 + 500 + 0 + 1 = 3501

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Binary-to-Decimal Conversion

 1101 (base-2)

1 X 20 = 1

0 X 21 = 0
1 X 22 = 4
1 X 23 = 8
8 + 4 + 0 + 1 = 13
11012= 1310
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 Digital Data Representation
Binary to Integer Number Conversion

100112 = (?)10
= (1 x 24) + (0 x 23) + (0 x 22) + (1 x 21)+ (1 x 20)
= (1 x 16) + (0 x 8) + (0 x 4) + (1 x 2) + (1 x 1)
= 16 + 0 + 0 + 2 + 1
= 1910

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Octal-to-Decimal Conversion

 5217 (base-8)

7 X 80 = 7x1 = 7

1 X 81 = 1x8 = 8
2 X 82 = 2x64 = 128
5 X 83
= 5x512 = 2560
2560 + 128 + 8 + 7 = 2703
52178 = 270310 20
Hexadecimal-to-Decimal Conversion

 1AC (base-16) [ A = 10, B = 11, C = 12, D = 13, E = 14, F =

15 ]
F
15
15 X 160 =15x1 =
12 X 161 =12x16

192
10 X 162
=10x256 =
21
2560
 Binary to Octal Conversion
• Each of 3 binary Octal Binary
represent
group an octal
bitsdigit
0 000
• Starting from fractional
point combine binary bits in group 1 001
of 3 2 010
Assume Zeros
Example:
3 011
( 1 0 1 1 0 . 0 1 )2 4 100
5 101
6 110
( 2 6 . 2 )8 7 111

Works both ways (Binary to Octal & Octal to Binary)

22
 Binary to Hexadecimal
• 16 = 24 Hex Binary
• Each group of 4 bits 0 0000
1 0001
represents a hexadecimal digit 2 0010
3 0011
Assume Zeros 4 0100
Example: 5 0101
6 0110
( 1 0 1 1 0 . 0 1 )2 7 0111
8 1000
9 1001
A 1010
B 1011
(1 6 . 4 C 1100
)16 D 1101
E 1110
Works both ways (Binary to Hex & F 1111
Hex to Binary)
33 23
Decimal Number Quantity (fractional
number)
 .581 (base-10)

5 X 10-1 = 5x0.1 = 0.5

8 X 10-2 = 8x0.01 =
0.08
1 X 10 -3 =
1x0.001 = 0.001

0.5 + 0.08 + 0.001 = 0.581

24
Binary-to-Decimal
Conversion
 .101 (base-2)

1 X 2-1 = 1x0.5 =
0.5
0 X 2-2
= 0x0.25 = 0
1 X2 -3 =
1x0.125 = 0.125

0.5 + 0 + 0.125 = 0.625

0.1012 = 0.62510
25
Octal-to-Decimal
Conversion
 .25 (base-8)

2 X 8-1 = 2x0.125 =
0.25
5 X 8-2 =
5x0.015625 =
0.017825

0.25 + 0.017825 = 0.267825

0.258 = 0.26782510
26
Hexadecimal-to-Decimal
Conversion
 . F5 (base-16)

15 X16-1

= 15x0.0625 =
0.9375
5 X16-2

= 5x0.00390625
= 0.01953125

0.9375 + 0.01953125 = 0.95703125 27

Exercise 1
 Convert these binary system numbers to decimal
system numbers
a) 100101101
b)11100.1001
c)111111
d)100000.0111
 b)
1x24 + 1x23 + 1x22
+ 0x21 + 0x20 +
1x2-1 + 0x2-2 +
0x2-3 1+ 1x2-4

= 16 + 8 + 4+ 0
+ 0 + 0.5 + 0 + 28
Number Base Conversions : Practice Questions

• Convert the following from Binary to Decimal

–(101)2 , (11001)2 , (11100)2 , (11.010)2

• Convert the following from Octal to Decimal

–(17)8 , (76)8 , (236)8 , (35.25)8

• Convert the following from Hexadecimal to Decimal

–(7A)16 , (78F)16 , (109B)16 , (50.1C)16

29
Decimal-to-Binary Conversion(positional
number)
 250 25010 = 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 02
2 250 Remainder
2 125 Remainder
0
2 62 1
2 31 0
Remainder
2 15 Remainder 1
1
2 7
Remainder
Remainder 1
2 3
Remainder 1
1
30
Decimal to Binary Conversion

Example (Integer) : (13)10

Quotient Remainder Coefficient
13/ 2 = 6 1 a0 = 1
6/2= 3 0 a1 = 0
3/2= 1 1 a2 = 1
1/2= 0 1 a3 = 1

Answer: (13)10 = (a3 a2 a1 a0)2 =

(1101)2

Example (Fractional) : ( 0.125 )10

Answer: = (0.001)2
31
Decimal-to-Octal
Conversion
 250
8
8 31 Remainder 2
250 3 Remainder 7

25010 = 3728

32
Decimal-to-Hexadecimal
Conversion
 250
16 250
15 Remainder 10

25010 = 15 1016 ?
= FA16

33
Decimal-to-Binary Conversion(fractional
number)
 0 . 4375
0.4375 x 2 = 0.8750
0.8750 x 2 = 1.75
0.75 x2 = 1.5
0.5 x2 = 1.0

0.437510 = 0.01112

34
 Decimal-to-Octal
Conversion
 0 . 4375
0.4375 x 8 = 3.5
0.5 x8 = 4.0

0.437510 = 0.348

35
Decimal-to-Hexadecimal
Conversion
 0 . 4375
0.4375 x 16 =
7.0

0.437510 = 0.716

36
Example :Decimal-to-Binary
Conversion(Estimation)
 0.782 110012  2-1 + 2-2 + 2-5
 0.5 + 0.25
0.782 x 2 = 1.564
+0.03125
0.564 x 2 = 1.128
 0.78125
0.128 x 2 = 0.256
0.256 x 2 = 0.512 11001000012
0.512 x 2 = 1.024  2-1 + 2-2 + 2-5 + 2-10
0.024 x 2 = 0.048  0.5 + 0.25 +0.03125 +
0.048 x 2 = 0.096 0.0009765625
0.192 x 2 = 0.384  0.7822265625
0.384 x 2 = 0.768
0.768 x 2 = 1.536
37
Decimal to Octal Conversion

Example (Integer) : (175)10

Quotient Remainder Coefficient
175 / 8 = 21 7 a0 = 7
21 / 8 = 2 5 a1 = 5
2 /8= 0 2 a2 = 2
Answer: (175)10 = (a2 a1
a0)8 = (257)8

Example (Fractional) : (0.3125) 10

Integer Fraction Coefficient
0.3125 * 8 = 2 . 5 a-1 = 2
0.5 *8= 4 . 0 a-2 = 4
Answer: (0.3125)10 = (0.a-1 a-2 a-3)8 = (0.24)8
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Practice Questions

• Convert the following from Decimals to Binary

» 259 , 245.50 , 89. 35
• Convert the following from Decimals to Octal
» 125 , 36.25 , 89. 45
• Convert the following from Binary to Hexadecimal
» 101100.01010101 , 1011011.0101
• Convert the following from Octal to hexadecimal
» 357 , 254.53 , 707. 135

39
Number Base Conversions : Practice Questions

• Convert the following from Decimal to Binary

Number System
– 25 , 30.25 , 19.125 , 36.333
• Convert the following from Decimal to Octal
Number System
– 59 , 77.50 , 89.140, 104.75
• Convert the following from Decimal
to Hexadecimal Number System
– 158 , 77.50 , 289.150

40
 Exercise
2
 Convert these c)
system decimal (22.5)10=( ? )2
system numbers
numbers to
a) 17 binary 2222
11
b)38 0
c)22.5 2 5 1
d)
2 2 1
764.3
75 1
0
0.5 x 2 = 1.0
=> (22.5)10=(
10110.1 )2 41
Base X– to – Base Y
Conversion
 We can convert base x number to base y
number by following these steps :
🞑 Convert base x to base 10 (decimal system
number)
🞑 Then, convert decimal number to base y

42
 Number Base Conversions
Sum of
(Digit x Weight)

Octal
(Base
8)
Sum of
(Digit x Weight)
?
Decimal Binary
(Base (Base
10) 2)

Hexadecimal
(Base 16)

9/16/2020
23 43
Octal to Hexadecimal
• Convert to Binary as an intermediate step i.e.
Convert from Octal to Binary to Hexadecimal

Example: ( 2 6 . 2 )8

Assume Zeros Assume Zeros

( 0 1 0 1 1 0 . 0 1 0 )2

(1 6 . 4
)16
Works both ways (Octal to Hex & Hex to Octal)
44
Exampl
e
 Convert 372.348 to hexadecimal system
number
🞑 Convert 372.348 to decimal system number
 372.348 = (3x82)+(7x81)+(2x80) . (3x8-1) + (4x8-2)
= 192 + 56 + 2 . 0.375 + 0.0625
= 250 . 4375
🞑 Convert 250.437510 to hexadecimal system
number
250 / 16 = 15 remainder 10
 250.4375 0.4375 * 16 = 7.0
10
250  number
Positional FA16 0.4375  0.716
Fractional number
372.348 = FA.716 45
Exercise 3 (TODO)

 Convert these numbers to octal system

number
🞑 11100.10012
🞑 1111112
🞑 5A.B16
 Convert these numbers to binary system
number
🞑 5A.B16
🞑 75.28

46
Number Base Conversion :
Binary, Octal, Hexadecimal to Decimal
• For Base Conversion from Binary, Octal and
Hexadecimal to Decimal use the Sum*Weight
formula
d *B 2+d *B 1+d *B 0 + d *B-1 +d *B-2
2 1 0 -1 -2

Integer Part

Fractional Part

• Binary to Decimal Conversion

116 0 1 0 1 8

4
1 *2 +0 *2 +1 *2 +0 *2 +1 *2
4 3 2 1 0
2
1
=(21)10
47
Number Base Conversion
(Decimal to Binary, Octal, Hexadecimal)

• For Integer part

– Divide the number by the "Base"
– Take the remainder as a Coefficient
– Take the quotient and Repeat division till
quotient is ZERO or Less than Base

• For Fractional part

– Multiply the number by Base
– Take integer part of result as coefficient
– Repeat the process with fractional part of result
till fraction is ZERO or desired accuracy is
achieved
48
Number Base Conversion – (Base R)

• For Integer part

– Divide the number by the "Base = R"
– Take the remainder as a Coefficient
– Take the quotient and Repeat division till
quotient is ZERO or Less than Base
• For Fractional part
– Multiply the number by "Base = R"
– Take integer part of result as coefficient
– Repeat the process with fractional part of result till
fraction is ZERO or desired accuracy is
achieved
• For conversion to decimal „Sum of WeightxDigit‟
49
Number Base Conversions : Practice Questions

• Convert the following from Decimal to Base = 4

– 15 , 25.45
• Convert the following from Decimal to Base = 7
– 17.50 , 29, 54.15
• Convert the following from Decimal to Base = 3
– 58 , 41.50
• Convert the following from Base = 6 to decimal
– (145)6 , (31.42) 6

50
Reading Assignment
• Read the following topics from Chapter 1 of
the
book
– 1.2 : Number systems
– 1.3 : Number base conversion
– 1.4 : Octal and Hexadecimal Numbers

51