ENGINEERING

MATERIALS
Mary Ann Jasmen G. Enojas
Jiry Grace M. Andres
Christa Mie F. Magramo
Ciara Grace B. Gabuco
V-BELTS
and
PULLEYS
 V-BELT
A flexible machine element used to
transmit motion and power
between two shafts, the cross-
section of which is shaped roughly
like a regular trapezoid outlined by
the base, sides and top of the belt.
 V-PULLEY
Wheel with one or more
grooved rims used to transmit
motion and power by means
of one or more V-belts.
 V-BELT DRIVE
Power transmission
device, which consists of
one or more V-belts,
mounted on two or more
V-pulleys.
 V-BELT NOMENCLATURE
Nominal dimensions of belt
cross-sections for
agricultural machines.

Where;
bb is the top width of the belt
hb is the height of classical V-belt
 V-BELT SPECIFICATIONS
POWER RANGE (one or
TYPE OF
CROSS-SECTION bb, mm hb, mm more belts), Watts
A 13 8 186 – 1,457
B 16 10 746 – 18,642
C 22 13 11,186 – 74,570
D 32 19 37,285 – 186,425
E 38 25 74,570 and up
 V-PULLEY NOMENCLATURE
Where;
bg is the top width of the pulley groove
hg is the height of pulley groove
D is the pulley pitch diameter
Do is the pulley outside diameter
d is the bore diameter
L is the hub length
α is the groove angle
x is one-half the difference between the
outside diameter and the pitch diameter.
 V-PULLEY SPECIFICATIONS
PITCH DIAMETER
PULLEY X hg α bg E d l
CROSS-SECTION MINIMUM RANGE, (mm) (degrees) (mm) (mm) (mm)
(mm) (mm)
RECOMENDDED (mm) (mm)

A 65 65 – 140 3.2 12 34 12.5 9.5 +1.8 12 – 21 25 - 40

Over 140 38 12.8 -0

B 115 115 – 180 4.4 15 34 16.2 12.7 +3.8 16 – 30 32 – 50

Over 180 38 16.5 -0

C 175 175 – 200 5.1 20 34 22.3 17.5 +3.8 30 – 54* 63 – 80*

201 – 305 36 22.5
Over 305 38 22.7 -0
D 300 300 – 330 7.6 27 34 32 22.2 +6.4
331 – 430 36 32.3
Over 430 38 32.6 -0
E 450 450 – 610 10.2 33 36 38.8 28.6 +6.4
Over 610 38 39.2 -0

* For 3 grooved V-pulleys

 LENGTH CALCULATIONS
The approximate belt length for a two-pulley drive may
be calculated using the formula:

Where;
L = length of the belt (mm)
C = distance between centers of pulleys (mm)
DL = pitch diameter of the large pulley (mm)
DS = pitch diameter of the small pulley (mm)
 LENGTH CALCULATIONS
The center distance can be calculated from the formula:

Where;
b = 4LS – 6.28(DL+DS)
LS = standard belt length
 LENGTH CALCULATIONS
The length of the connecting arcs can be
calculated by the formula:

Where;
D = diameter of the pulley
A = the angle in degrees subtended by the arc of the belt
contact on the policy.
 CORRECTION FOR ARC OF CONTACT
Correction for arc of contact for small pulley is determined from Table 9, the
arc being given by the approximate formula:

Where;
DL = diameter of the large pulley
DS = diameter of the small pulley
C = center distance of drive
Table 9 – Correction Factors Corresponding to Various Degrees of Contact
on Small Pulley
Arc of Contact Correction Factor Arc of Contact Correction Factor
(degrees) (degrees)
180 1.00 133 0.87
174 0.99 127 0.85
169 0.97 120 0.82
163 0.96 113 0.80
157 0.94 106 0.77
151 0.93 90 0.73
145 0.91 91 0.70
139 0.89 83 0.65
 SELECTION
Selection of a V-belt should be based on nature of the load,
type of driving unit, horsepower rating, size of pulleys, and
speeds of driving and driven units. Figure 5 serves as an aid in
the proper selection of V-belts. Tables 3 – 7 indicate the power
transmitted by one belt with velocity and size of pulley as
determining factors in the power transmitted.
 IDLERS
Idlers may be necessary on
agricultural belt drives to
provide take-up or to increase
the arc of contact to obtain the
required drive capacity.
 Table 11 – Minimum Recommended Diameters for
Idlers (mm)
Cross-Section Minimum O.D. Minimum O.D. Minimum O.D. Minimum Face
of Grooved of Flat Inside of Flat Outside Width of Flat
Inside Idler Idler Idler Idler
A 70 57 108 25
B 102 95 152 32
C 172 146 216 38
D 229 190 343 51
FLAT BELTS
and
PULLEYS
 FLAT BELT
Belts used to transmit
rotary motion and power
between two shafts, which
lie flat on the face of its
corresponding pulley.
 FLAT BELT PULLEY
Wheel having flat or
crowned face used to
transmit motion and
power by means of flat
belts.
 FLAT BELT DRIVE
Power transmission device
used to transmit power and
motion between two shafts
consisting of the flat belts
which ride in flat pulleys.
 BELT SPEED
The belt speed is approximated as:

Where;
V is the belt speed
DS is the diameter of the small pulley
NS is the rpm of the small pulley
 NYLON CORD BELTS
Nylon cord belts are endless belts made
with single ply high tensile cords. They
are oil and heat resistant.
 FLAT-PULLEYS
Pulleys shall be classified into solid and split,
by construction and into crown and level by the
shape of external peripheral face. It is usually
made of cast iron or fabricated steel.
Where;
B is the pulley face width
h is the crown height
D is the pulley diameter
 SPECIFICATIONS
Pulley face width, B is nominally the same as the width of
the belts they are to carry. However, allowances should be
made to ensure that the belt stays in the pulley. Minimum
pulley diameters for rubber belts are given in Table 2.
Allowances for pulley width for different belt width are
given in Table 9.
Table 9 - Allowance for Pulley Width
Belt Width (mm) Allowance (mm)
Under 305 25
305 to 610 51
Over 610 76
 BELT SELECTION
The type of rubber belt to be used and the
number of ply can be determined by using
Table 2 given the belt speed and the pulley
diameter.
 BELT SELECTION
The appropriate cross-section to be used for
nylon cord belts can be determined by using the
belt selection chart presented in Figure 2.
 LENGTH CALCULATIONS
The approximate belt length for an open two-pulley
drive may be calculated using the formula.

Where;
L = length of the belt (mm)
C = distance between centers of pulleys (mm)
DL = diameter of the large pulley (mm)
DS = diameter of the small pulley (mm)
 LENGTH CALCULATIONS
The center distance can be calculated from the formula:

Where;
b = 4LS – 6.28(DL+DS)
LS = available belt standard length
 LENGTH CALCULATIONS
For crossed belts, the approximate belt length may be
calculated using the formula.

Where;
L = length of the belt (mm)
C = distance between centers of pulleys (mm)
DL = diameter of the large pulley (mm)
DS = diameter of the small pulley (mm)
 LENGTH CALCULATIONS
The length of the connecting arcs can be
calculated by the formula:

Where;
D = diameter of the pulley
A = the angle in degrees subtended by the arc of the belt
contact on the policy.
 CORRECTION FOR ARC OF CONTACT
Correction for arc of contact for small pulley is determined from Table 9, the
arc being given by the approximate formula:

Where;
DL = diameter of the large pulley
DS = diameter of the small pulley
C = center distance of drive
 POWER RATING
The width of belts in millimeters can be calculated by the formula.

Where;
W = belt width in millimeters
H = actual power transmitted, or if not, the nameplate power rating
S = service factor from Table 12
K = power rating of belt in watts per millimeter of belt width from Table 1
C = arc of contact factor from Table 11
 CONNECTORS
Table 13 specifies the
sizes of plate and
diameter of bolt for belts
using bolted plate
fastener.
 EXAMPLE OF FLAT RUBBER BELT DRIVE
SELECTION

Assume a normal-torque squirrel-cage AC motor for a

centrifugal-fan drive. The motor speed is 1,725 rpm and
the pulley diameter is 127 mm. The power transmitted at
the given rpm is 2,983 W. The arc of contact is 160 . 0

Select the appropriate flat belt and the corresponding

pulley to be used.
 BELT SPEED
The belt speed is approximated as:
 BELT SELECTION
The appropriate belt for the given pulley
diameter and the approximated belt speed is a 3
ply, Fabric belt (From Table 2).
 BELT SELECTION
The power rating for a 3 ply, fabric belt, and at the
computed belt speed is obtained from Table 1. The
value is obtained by interpolating values of K
between 79 and 97 m/min. This will result in a K
value equal to 88.24 Watts/mm.
 BELT SELECTION
The arc correction factor, C, is equal to
0.93 (from Table 11) and the service
factor, S, is equal to 1.2 (from Table 12).
 BELT SELECTION
The width of the belt is computed as

Therefore, use a 44 mm width belt.

 PULLEY WIDTH
Using Table 9, the width of pulley to be used is computed
as:
 BELT SELECTION
The width of the belt is computed as

Therefore, use a 44 mm width belt.

ROLLER CHAINS
AND SPROCKETS
 ROLLER CHAINS
Roller chains are used to
transmit power at high torque
and low speed without
slippage.
 NOMENCLATURE
Figure 1 shows the
type of chain
according number of
strands, either single
strand or multiple-
strand.
 NOMENCLATURE
Figure 2 shows the designation of dimensions of chain.
 NOMENCLATURE

Dimensions of chains are

given in Table 1.
 NOMENCLATURE

Figure 3 shows the different types of

links.
 SPROCKETS
Sprockets are sturdy
wheels with teeth
that lock onto a
chain.
 NOMENCLATURE
Figure 4 shows the designation of dimensions
of sprockets.
 NOMENCLATURE
Standard roller chain
sprockets and their
dimensions are given in
Tables 2 – 9.
 TYPES
The following are the different designs or types of roller chain
sprockets are shown by sectional views.

Type A – Plain plate

Type B – Has a hub on one side only
Type C – Hub on both sides
Type D – Detachable hub
 SELECTION OF CHAIN AND SPROCKETS
• The smallest applicable chain number is desirable for quiet
operation and higher speed range allowable for chain drives.
The power capacity varies with the chain pitch.
• The small sprocket selected must be large enough to
accommodate the shaft. Table 10 gives the maximum bore and
hub diameters consistent with commercial practice for
sprockets with up to 25 teeth.
 SELECTION OF CHAIN AND SPROCKETS

• After selecting the small sprocket, the number of teeth in the

large sprocket is determined by the desired ration of the shaft
speed. Over emphasis on the exactness of the speed ratio
may result in cumbersome and expensive installation.
 CENTER DISTANCE FOR A GIVEN LENGTH
When the distance between the driving and the driven sprockets can be varied to
suit the length of the chain, this center distance for tight chain may be determined
by the following formula:

Where:
C = center to center distance in millimeters
LP = the length of chain in pitches
P = pitch of the chain
N = the number of teeth in the large sprocket
n = number of teeth in small sprockets
 LENGTH OF DRIVING CHAIN
The length of a chain can be calculated accurately enough for ordinary practice by
the use of the following formula:

Where:
LP = the length of chain in pitches
CP = the center to center distance in pitches
 POWER RATING
The power rating of chains may be computed by the equation:

The power rating, multiple strand factor, and service factors are given in Table 11 –
17, 18, and 19, respectively. The tables for power rating are divided into four zones
(as illustrated by the boundary lines), each zone corresponds to the type of
lubrication.
 POWER RATING
The power rating presented in Table 11 – 17 is based on a service life of
15,000 hours. However, the commonly used design life for agricultural
machines is only 5,000 hours, thus, the actual power rating is:
 LUBRICATION
TYPE I (MANUAL LUBRICATION)

Oil is supplied periodically with brush or spout can, preferably

once every eight hours of operation. Volume and frequency
should be sufficient to prevent discoloration of lubricants in
the chain joints.
 LUBRICATION
TYPE II (DRIP LUBRICATION)

Oil drops are directed between the link plate edges from a drip
lubricator. Volume and frequency should be sufficient to
prevent discoloration of lubricant in the chain joints.
Precaution must be taken against misdirection of the drops by
windage.
 LUBRICATION
TYPE III (BATH OR DISC LUBRICATION)

With bath lubrication, the lower strand of the chain runs through a sump of
oil in the drive housing. The oil level should reach the pitch line of the
chain at its lowest point while operating. With disc lubrication, the chain
operates above the oil level. The disc picks up oil from the sump and
deposits it into the chain, usually by means of a through. The diameter of
the disc should be such as to produce rim speeds between 183 m/min
minimum and 2438 m/min maximum.
 LUBRICATION
TYPE IV (OIL STEAM LUBRICATION)

The lubricant is usually supplied by a circulating pump

capable of supplying each chain drive with a continuous
stream of oil. The oil should be applied inside the chain loop
evenly across the chain width, and directed at the lower
strand.
 EXAMPLE OF CHAIN DRIVE SELECTION
Select a roller chain drive to transmit 7,457 W from a drive shaft to a
driven shaft of a fruit conveyor. The drive shaft is 20 mm in diameter and
operates at 1200 rpm. The driven shaft is also 20 mm in diameter and must
operate between 370 and 390 rpm. Shaft centers, once established, are
fixed and by initial calculations must be approximately 572 mm. The load
on the driven shaft is uneven and presents “peaks” which places it in the
heavy shock load category. The input power is supplied by an electric
motor. The driving head is fully enclosed, and all parts are lubricated from
a central system
 SERVICE FACTOR

From Table 20, the service factor for

heavy shock load and an electric motor
drive is 1.5.
 DESIGN POWER
The power upon which the chain selection is based, is equal to
the specified power multiplied by the service factor as shown
in the equation below:
 REQUIRED POWER RATING
The actual power required is computed as:
 CHAIN PITCH AND SMALL SPROCKET SIZE
FOR SINGLE STRAND DRIVE

In selecting the type of chain and the number of teeth,

refer to Tables 11 to 19. Use the table that will give the
least number of teeth. In Table 4 under 1,200 rpm and
the required power rating, a chain number 40 with a 14
teeth sprocket should be used.
 CHECK OF CHAIN PITCH AND SPROCKET
SELECTION

From Table 10 it is seen that the 14 teeth sprocket in A.5

can be bored to fit the 29 mm diameter main shaft. In
Table 13 a 13 mm pitch chain at a small sprocket speed
of 1,200 rpm is rated at 3,602 W for a 14 teeth sprocket
 SELECTION OF LARGE SPROCKET
Since the driver is to operate at 1200 rpm and the driven at a
minimum of 378 rpm, the speed ratio is 1,200/378 = 3.175.
Therefore, the large sprocket should have 14 x 3.175 = 44.45
teeth (use 45).

The combination of 14 and 45 teeth will produce a main drive shaft

speed of 373 rpm which is in the limitation of 370 to 390 rpm
established in the original specification.
 COMPUTATION OF CHAIN LENGTH
Since 14 and 45 teeth sprockets are to be placed on 572 mm,
the length is determined from the formula:
 CORRECTION OF CENTER DISTANCE

Since the chain is to couple at an even number of pitches, 120

pitches will be used and the center distance recomputed based on
this figure using the formula:
 KEYS
and
KEYWAYS
 KEYS
Keys are used to prevent
relative movement of
rotating members and the
shafts or spindles to which
they are mounted.
 CLASSIFICATION
Keys are classified into the
following classes:

1. Parallel Keys – keys whose

longitudinal sides are
parallel with each other,
 CLASSIFICATION

2. Taper Keys – keys

with a tapered
longitudinal section.
 CLASSIFICATION

3. Woodruff Keys – keys

with a semi-circular
cross-section
 NOMENCLATURE OF PARALLEL
KEYS AND KEYWAYS
Parallel keys can also be either square or rectangular with respect
to its cross-section. The designation of dimensions of parallel keys
and parallel keyways are shown in Figure 1 and 2 respectively and
are defined as follows:

Where:
b – the cross-sectional width of the key t1 – height of keyway for the shaft
h – the cross-sectional height of the key t2 – height of keyway for the hub
l – length of the key d – shaft diameter
b1 – width of keyway for the shaft r – radius of curvature
b2 – width of keyway for the hub
 CLASSIFICATION OF KEY ENDS
The end of the parallel key shall be classified into three classes as shown
in Figure 3 according to its shape. If not specified, key ends shall be both
ends rectangular or square.
SPECIFICATIONS OF PARALLEL KEYS AND
KEYWAYS

Dimensions of parallel keys and keyways

are specified in Tables 1 and 2, respectively.
 NOMENCLATURE OF TAPER KEYS
AND KEYWAYS
The designation of dimensions of taper keys and keyways are
shown in Figure 4 and 5, respectively:

Where:
b – the cross-sectional width of the key t1 – height of keyway for the shaft
h – the cross-sectional height of the key t2 – height of keyway for the hub
l – length of the key d – shaft diameter
b1 – width of keyway for the shaft r – radius of curvature
b2 – width of keyway for the hub

Without gib head – T

With gib head - TG
DIMENSIONS OF TAPERED KEYS AND
KEYWAYS

Dimensions of tapered keys and

keyways are specified in Tables 3 and
4, respectively.
 NOMENCLATURE OF WOODRUFF
KEYS AND KEYWAYS
The designation of dimensions of taper keys and keyways are
shown in Figure 6 and 7, respectively:

b – the cross-sectional width of the key t1 – height of keyway for the shaft
h – the cross-sectional height of the key t2 – height of keyway for the hub
l – length of the key d – shaft diameter
b1 – width of keyway for the shaft r – radius of curvature
b2 – width of keyway for the hub h1 – height of Whitney form key
do – the diameter of the key

Normal Form – WA
Whitney Form – WB
 DIMENSIONS OF WOODRUFF KEYS
AND KEYWAYS

Dimensions of woodruff keys and keyways

are specified in Tables 5 and 6,
respectively. Table 7 specifies the
applicable shaft diameter applicable to
woodruff keys.
 KEY, SHAFT AND HUB ASSEMBLY

The three types of key, shaft, and hub assembly are shown
in Table 8.
SHAFTS
 SHAFTS
Shafts are rotating
members, usually of
circular cross-section
used to transmit power or
motion.
 POWER RATING
Power ratings of shafts are presented in Tables 2-7. These tables can be used
to find the approximate shaft diameter for various service conditions.
Standard keyseated shafting, using a safe shear stress of approximately
41.369 MPa is the basis of Tables 2-4. For special application requiring the
use of stainless steel shafts, power ratings are computed by multiplying a
safe shear stress factor (Table 1) in order to arrive at a correct power rating.
For safe shear stress of other materials, use 1/10 of the nominal ultimate
tensile strength.
 SHAFT SET-UP
In order to provide support for the shaft and for
shaft alignment, bearings should be used. Bearings
should be mounted on adequate supports so that
accurate alignment may be maintained.
Misalignment may cause shaft or bearing failure.
SPUR GEARS
 SPUR GEAR
A cylindrical gear whose tooth
traces are straight lines parallel
to the axis. Generally, it
transmits rotational motion and
power between two axes.
 GEAR TOOTH
Each of the projecting parts of a gear which are
intended to ensure, by contact with the teeth of
another gear, that one of the other gear turns the
other.
 TYPES
Spur gears shall be classified into 6
types according to its shape: A1, B1,
C1, A2, B2, and C2.
 MATERIALS
Spur gear materials shall be of hot-rolled steel
designation 1045 and 3140 with an ultimate
tensile strength of 600 MPa and 724 MPa and a
Brinell Hardness Number of 214 and 205,
respectively.
 CALCULATION OF GEAR
DIMENSIONS

Table 1 specifies the formula for calculating the

different dimensions of standard spur gears.
 POWER RATINGS
Power ratings presented in this standard are based on
module facewidth, and pressure angle that are shown
in Table 2 and a material of hot-rolled steel
designation 1045. For power ratings of hot-rolled
steel designation 3140, multiply table values by 1.5
 POWER RATINGS
Power ratings of spur gears according to the number
of teeth and its rpm are shown on Tables 3 – 11.
 SERVICE FACTORS
Selection of gears is based on type of load and the method of
lubrication. Service factors for type of load and type of lubrication
are given in Tables 12 and 13, respectively. The service is computed
as follows:
 MINIMUM NUMBER OF TEETH
The minimum number of teeth to mesh with another gear is shown
on Figure 5.
 GEAR RATIO
Gear ratio is the ratio between the number of teeth of
the driver and the driven gear

Where:
t2 = number of teeth of the driven gear
t1 = number of teeth of the driving gear
 DESIGN POWER

The required power is computed as follows:

 CENTER DISTANCE

Desired center distance given the module and speed

ratio can be computed using the following equation:
 EXAMPLE OF SPUR GEAR DRIVE
SELECTION

A drive is desired for 1,500 W, 200 rpm drive shaft to

70 rpm driven shaft to operate at 11 – 16 h/day and at
a center distance of approximately 80 mm, with light
shock load and with drip lubrication.
 SPEED RATIO
The speed ratio is computed as

Where:
n1 = rpm of driven gear
n2 = rpm of driven gear.
 SERVICE FACTOR
From Table 12 and 13, the service factor for load and
lubrication are 1.3 and 0.2, respectively. Thus, the service
factor is computed as:
 DESIGN POWER
The design power is computed as:
 MODULE AND NUMBER OF TEETH OF
DRIVING GEAR
• Selection of the module and number of teeth shall be based on the design
power of the drive, the gear with the next higher power rating to the design
power can be considered suitable for the drive (assuming an allowable 10%
deviation of the design power to the power rating).

• Given a driving gear rpm of 200 and the design power, a gear with a power rating that
surpasses the design power can be selected by scanning through Tables 3-11. Table A.1
presents the gears that are suitable for the drive based on power rating
 GEAR SELECTION
Since the requirement for center distance is
approximately 80 mm, the most suitable for the drive
is a gear of module 2.5 and 20 teeth (driver gear)
since it conforms to both the design power and the
requirement for the center distance.
HELICAL
GEARS
 HELICAL GEARS
Cylindrical gear whose
tooth traces are helices, it
transmits rotational motion
and power between two
parallel axes.
 CLASSIFICATION
Helical gears shall be classified according to its shape
into 6 types: A1, B1, C1, A2, B2, and C2 (see Figure
5). A1, B1, and C1 are available as cold-rolled steel
while A2, B2, and C2 are available as cast steel.
 MATERIALS
Helical gear materials discussed in this standard are AISI
designation C1045 and 4140 (as hot-rolled), its mechanical
properties are in accordance with Table 1.
 CALCULATION OF GEAR
DIMENSIONS

Table 2 specifies the formulas for calculating

the different dimensions of standard helical
gears.
 POWER RATINGS
Power ratings presented in this standard are based on module
facewidth, and pressure angle shown in Table 3. For the purpose of
this standard, only power ratings of helical gears made of AISI steel
designation C1045 shall be presented.
 POWER RATINGS
• Tables 4 to 12 present power ratings for helical gears with 30°
helix angle. Helical gears with 30° helix angle have a higher
power rating as compared to helical gears with 45° helix angle.
• Tables 13 to 21 present power ratings of helical gears with 45°
helix angle. This type of helical gear is used for parallel gears
and can operate at 90°, however its power is limited and is used
for transmission of motion only.
 SERVICE FACTORS
Selection of gears is based on type of load and the method of
lubrication. Service factors for type of load and type of lubrication
are given in Tables 22 and 23, respectively. The service factor is
computed as follows:
 MINIMUM NUMBER OF TEETH
The minimum number of teeth to mesh with another gear is shown
on Figure 6.
 GEAR RATIO
Gear ratio is the ratio between the number of teeth of
the driver and the driven gear

Where:
t2 = number of teeth of the driven gear
t1 = number of teeth of the driving gear
 DESIGN POWER

The required power is computed as follows:

 CENTER DISTANCE

Desired center distance given the module and speed

ratio can be computed using the following equation:
 EXAMPLE OF HELICAL GEAR DRIVE
SELECTION

A drive is desired for 1,200 W, 200 rpm driver shaft

and a 100 rpm driven shaft to operate for 8 to 10
h/day and at a center distance of approximately 100
mm, with heavy shock load and with grease
lubrication.
 SPEED RATIO
The speed ratio is computed as
 SERVICE FACTOR
From Table 22 and 23, the service factor for load and
lubrication are 1.4 and 0.4, respectively. Thus, the service
factor is computed as:
 DESIGN POWER
The design power is computed as:
 MODULE AND NUMBER OF TEETH OF
DRIVING GEAR
• Selection of the module and number of teeth shall be based on the design
power of the drive, the gear with the next higher power rating to the design
power can be considered suitable for the drive (assuming an allowable 10%
deviation of the design power to the power rating).

• Given a driving gear rpm of 200 and the design power, a gear with a power rating that
surpasses the design power can be selected by scanning through Tables 4-12. Table A.1
presents the gears that are suitable for the drive based on power rating
 GEAR SELECTION
Since the requirement for center distance is
approximately 100 mm, the most suitable for the drive
is a gear of module 1.5 and 40 teeth (driving gear)
since it conforms to both the design power and the
requirement for the center distance.
STRAIGHT
BEVEL
GEARS
 BEVEL GEARS
Gears which are used to
transmit motion and
power to shafts having
intersecting axes.
 STRAIGHT BEVEL GEARS
Bevel gears whose teeth are
straight, but the sides are tapered
so that they would intersect the
axis at a common point called the
pitch cone apex if extended
inward.
 MITER GEARS

Bevel gears having equal numbers

of driver and driven gear teeth and
operate at axes with right angles.
 MATERIALS
Straight bevel gear materials discussed in this standard are
AISI designation C1045 and 4140 (as hot-rolled), its
mechanical properties are in accordance with Table 1.
 CALCULATION OF GEAR
DIMENSIONS

Table 2 specifies the formula for

calculating the different dimensions of
standard straight bevel gears.
 POWER RATINGS
Power ratings presented in this standard are based on
modules, and pressure angle that are shown in Table 3. The
material used as the basis of the power ratings is of AISI
steel designation C1045.
 POWER RATINGS
Power ratings of straight bevel and miter
gears are shown in Tables 4 and 5,
respectively.
 BEARING SPACING
For both straddle mounted and overhung mounted gears the
space between bearings should never be less than 70% of the
pitch diameter of the gear. On over hung mounted gears the
spread should be at least 2 ½ times the overhang and, in
addition the shaft diameter should be equal to or preferably
greater than the overhang to provide sufficient shaft stiffness.
 SERVICE FACTORS
Selection of gears is based on type of load and the method of
lubrication. Service factors for type of load and type of
lubrication are given in Tables 6 and 7 respectively. The
service is computed as follows:
 MINIMUM NUMBER OF TEETH

The minimum number of teeth to mesh with another gear is

shown on Figure 2.
 GEAR RATIO
Gear ratio is the ratio between the number of teeth of
the driver and the driven gear

Where:
t2 = number of teeth of the driven gear
t1 = number of teeth of the driving gear
 DESIGN POWER

The required power is computed as follows:

 DESIGN POWER

Load distribution factors are presented in Table 8.

 EXAMPLE OF BEVEL GEAR DRIVE
SELECTION

A drive is desired to transmit a power of 1200 W

from a 200 rpm driver shaft to a 100 rpm driven shaft
with a power source operating for 12 h/day at heavy
shock load and with oil (bath) lubrication. Mounting
of bearings is such that both gears are overhung.
 SPEED RATIO
The speed ratio is computed as
 SERVICE FACTOR
From Table 6 and 7, the service factor for load and
lubrication are 1.5 and 0.0, respectively. Thus, the service
factor is computed as:
 LOAD DISTRIBUTION FACTOR

Load distribution factor when both gears are overhung

ranges from 1.25 – 1.40 (Table 8). Use an average LDF value
of 1.325 for the computation of the design power on the
assumption that the material where the gear shall be mounted
is average on strength.
 DESIGN POWER
The design power is computed as:
 MODULE AND NUMBER OF TEETH
Given the design power and rpm of the driver shaft,
and referring to Table 4, the following can be
obtained:
Module = 2.5
Number of teeth:
Driven = 40 teeth
Driver = 20 teeth
 DRIVER GEAR
The pitch angle of the driver gear is computed as:
 DRIVEN GEAR
The pitch as angle of the driven gear is computed as:
ANTI-FRICTION
BEARINGS
 ANTI-FRICTION BEARINGS
Anti-friction bearings are designed to
support and mount rotating shafts.
They transfer loads between rotating
and stationary members and permit
relatively free rotation with minimum
friction.
NOMENCLATURE
 BALL BEARINGS
SINGLE-ROW RADIAL

This bearing is often referred to as

the deep groove or conrad bearing
(Fig. 2). It is available in many
variations such as single, double
shields, and seals.
 BALL BEARINGS
MAXIMUM CAPACITY

Maximum capacity bearings have a

geometry that is similar to that of a
deep-groove bearing except for a
filling slot (Fig. 3).
 BALL BEARINGS
DOUBLE-ROW RADIAL

This bearing provides for heavy

radial and light thrust loads
without increasing the outside
diameter of the bearing (See Fig.
4).
 BALL BEARINGS
INTERNAL SELF-ALIGNING
DOUBLE-ROW

This bearing may be used for

primarily radial loads where self-
alignment (±4°) is required.
 BALL BEARINGS
ANGULAR-CONTACT BEARINGS

These bearings are designed to support

combined radial and thrust loads or
heavy thrust loads depending on the
contact-angle magnitude (Fig. 6).
 BALL BEARINGS
BALL BUSHINGS

This type of bearing is used for linear

motions on hardened shafts
(Rockwell C 58 to 64). Some types
can be used for linear and rotary
motions (Fig. 7).
 BALL BEARINGS
SPLIT-TYPE BALL BEARING

This type of ball or roller bearing

has split inner, outer ring, and
cage, which are assembled by
screws (Fig. 8).
 BALL BEARINGS
BALL THRUST BEARING

It may be used for low-speed

applications where other
bearings carry the radial load
(Fig. 9).
 ROLLER BEARINGS
CYLINDRICAL ROLLER

These bearings utilize cylinders

with approximate length/diameter
ratio ranging from 1:1 to 1:3 as
rolling elements (Fig. 10).
 ROLLER BEARINGS
NEEDLE BEARINGS

These bearings have rollers

whose length is at least 4 times
their diameter (Fig. 11).
 ROLLER BEARINGS
TAPERED ROLLER

These bearings are used for heavy radial and

thrust loads. They are designed so that all
elements in the rolling surface and the
raceways intersect at a common point on the
axis: thus, true rolling is obtained (Fig 12).
 ROLLER BEARINGS
SPHERICAL ROLLER

These bearings are excellent for heavy

radial loads and moderate thrust (Fig.
13). Their internal self-aligning
feature is useful in many applications
such as HVAC fans.
 ROLLER BEARINGS
STRAIGHT-ROLLER THRUST
BEARING

These bearings are made of a series of

short rollers to minimize the skidding,
which causes twisting of the rollers
(Fig. 14).
 ROLLER BEARINGS
TAPERED-ROLLER THRUST
BEARING

It eliminates the skidding that takes place

with straight rollers but causes a thrust
load between the ends of the rollers and
the shoulder on the race (Fig. 15).
 DESIGNATION
Bearings shall be designated by the following:
Prefix – Type Code – Width Series – Diameter Series – Bore Code – Suffix

EXAMPLE: NU 2355
Type: Roller Bearing
Width Series: 2
Diameter Series: 3
Bore Code: 55
The first digit/digits, letter/letters of the bearing code define the bearing type (see
Table 1).
 DESIGNATION
The second pair of digits defines the dimension series (Refer to Fig.
1 for diameter of rolling element and bearing width). The right hand
indicates the diameter series which indicates the size of the radial
section. In ascending order of size, the series is: 7, 8, 9, 0, 1, 2, 3,
and 4. The left hand digit indicates the width series (8, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4,
5, 6, and 7); 8 being the narrowest bearing and 7 being the widest.
The normal range is 0 - 6.
 DESIGNATION
The last section of the bearing code is a two-digit number that indicates
the bore code (Refer to Fig. 1 for bearing bore). For all bearings except
double acting thrust bearings, Table 2 shall be applied:
 MATERIALS
THROUGH-HARDENED STEELS

The most common through-hardening steel used for anti-friction

bearings is carbon chromium steel containing approximately 1%
carbon and 1.5% chromium. For bearing components having large
cross-sections, steels alloyed with manganese and molybdenum are
used because of their superior through-hardening properties.
 MATERIALS
CASE-HARDENING STEELS

Chromium-nickel and manganese-chromium alloyed steels with a

carbon content of approximately 0.15% are those case-hardening
steels most commonly used for rolling bearings.
 SELECTION OF ROLLING ELEMENT

Figure 17 serves as a guide for selection of ball

or roller bearings. This figure is based on a rated
life of 30,000 h.
 BASIC DYNAMIC LOAD RATING

This rating is always used in determining bearing

life for all speeds and load conditions. Basic load
ratings for different types and sizes of bearings
are shown in Table 3.
 BASIC STATIC LOAD RATING, CO

This rating is used only as a check to determine if

the maximum allowable stress of the rolling
elements will be exceeded. It is never used in
calculating bearing life. Static load ratings for
different types and sizes of bearings are presented
in Table 3.
 EQUIVALENT DYNAMIC LOAD
Equivalent radial load for both ball and roller bearings is
computed by:

Where:
P = equivalent radial loads, N
R = radial load, N
T = thrust load, N
X = radial load factor for the bearing (see Table 4)
Y = thrust load factor for the bearing (see Table 4)
 EQUIVALENT STATIC LOAD, PO
The static equivalent load may be compared directly to the static load rating CO. If
PO is greater than the CO rating, permanent deformation of the rolling element will
occur. Static equivalent load is computed as:

Where:
PO = static equivalent load, N
R = radial load, N
T = thrust load, N
XO = radial load factor (see Table 5)
YO = thrust load factor
 REQUIRED CAPACITY
The required capacity is computed as follows:

Where:
Cr = required capacity, N
L10 = rated life, h (Table 6)
P = equivalent radial load, N
N = rotational speed, rpm
K = constant Z = constant
K = 3 for ball bearings Z = 25.6 for ball bearings
K = 10/3 for roller bearings Z = 18.5 for roller bearings
 SPEED LIMITS
A convenient check on speed limits can be made from a dn value. The dn
value is a direct function of size and speed and is dependent on the type of
lubrication. It is calculated by multiplying the bore in millimeters (mm) by
the speed in rpm (Equation 10). A guide for dn values is presented in Table
7. When these values are exceeded, bearing life is shortened.
 PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINING
BEARING TYPE

Determine the bearing size and type for a belt drive

with a design power of 10,000 W, 180 arc of o

contact, belt velocity of 5 m/s, and a shaft speed of

1,000 rpm.
 TENSION FORCES
The tension forces for the belt drive arc computed as follows.

Where:
F1 = tension at the tight side P = design power
F2 = tension at the slack side G = arc of contact correction factor
Vm = belt velocity
 RADIAL LOAD
Assuming that the shaft is supported by two bearings, the radial
load (R) is computed as follows:

Where:
R T = F1 + F2 R = 3,000/2
RT = 2,500 + 500 R = 1,500 N
RT = 3,000 N
 SELECTION OF ROLLING ELEMENT

Select between ball and roller bearing using Figure 17.

Given a radial load of 1,500 N and a shaft speed of 1,000
rpm, opt for a ball bearing for the drive.
 EQUIVALENT RADIAL LOAD
Calculate equivalent load P for various bearing types. Use X and Y
values from Table 4 select the value from single-row ball bearing
(assume zero thrust load).
 REQUIRED CAPACITY
Calculate the required capacity, Cr, from Equation 3. Use a rated
life value of 3,000 h (Table 6) and a k and Z value of 3 and 25.6,
respectively.
 REQUIRED CAPACITY

Comparing Cr with capacities (C) presented in Table

3 and selecting the type that has a capacity equal to
or greater than Cr. The type that can be used is a
single row, 2 series ball bearing with a bore
diameter of 20 mm.
 SPEED LIMITS
Check bearing speed limit, the computed dn is:

Compare computed dn with values presented in Table 7 and check if the

computed dn exceeds the value in Table 5. In cases that the computed dn
exceeds the dn values in Table 5, make another selection of bearing
type.
 BEARING WIDTH
Bearings width depends on space limits, availability
of bearing, and cost. For this application assume that
a 2-width series bearing can be used.
 BEARING SPECIFICATION
For this drive, acquire a single row, deep groove ball
bearing; 20 mm bearing bore diameter, 2-diameter
series, and 2 width series. The bearing designation for
the following specification is 62204.
BEARINGS
 JOURNAL BEARINGS
Journal bearings are designed to
support and mount rotating
shafts. They are used in drivers
where quietness in operation and
rigidity is a requirement.
NOMENCLATURE
 HYDRODYNAMIC BEARINGS
In a hydrodynamic bearing, fluid is drawn
into the region between the moving parts of
the bearing by virtue of its adhesion to the
surfaces of the bearing and of its viscosity
and due to the shape of the bearing surfaces,
pressure is generated within the fluid, which
keeps the bearing surfaces separated.
 HYDROSTATIC BEARINGS
In a hydrostatic bearing, the load is
carried by fluid pressure generated
outside the bearing, unlike the
hydrodynamic bearing where the
load is sustained by fluid pressure
self-generated by the bearing.
 BOUNDARY LUBRICATION BEARINGS

The essential requirements of a boundary

lubrication system are such that the
lubricant shall “wet” the surfaces
involved, and that the shapes and surfaces
roughness of these shall be such as to
keep the load to acceptable peak values
 DRY BEARINGS
Dry bearings operate without
significant fluid film to separate the
moving surfaces therefore low
friction materials, or materials
impregnated with a lubricant, must be
used.
 DESIGNATION
Journal bearings are
designated by its bore
diameter, length, and wall
thickness (see Figure 1 for
dimensions of journal
bearings).
 MATERIALS

Materials and properties of journal

bearings are presented in Table 1.
 SPECIFICATIONS

Specifications of journal bearings are

presented in Table 2.
 BEARING CLEARANCE

Bearing clearances for steady and

dynamically loaded cases are given in
Figures 2 and 3, respectively.
 HEAT GENERATION
Frictional heating, a most common cause of bearing failure, is a function of
sliding velocity, bearing pressure, and coefficient of friction. Therefore if the
coefficient of friction remains constant for a range of loads and speeds, a
rough indication of heat load is provided by the PV factor. PV limits for
different bearing materials are presented in Tables 3 and 4. Exceeding any of
these four factors (see Table 3) affects normal bearing life. Under certain
conditions they can be exceeded. The maximum load that can be carried for
various PV can be determined through Figure 6.
 PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINING
BEARING DIMENSIONS

Determine the size, material of a steadily loaded

bearing for a drive with a shaft speed of 1,500
rpm, a shaft diameter of 25 mm and a load of 6.5
MPa.
 SURFACE VELOCITY
The surface velocity can be determined through
Figure 6. At 1,500 rpm and shaft diameter of 25
mm, the surface velocity is 2.16 m/s.
 PV LIMITS AND BEARING MATERIAL

Using Figure 6, the acceptable PV limit at a load of

6.5 MPa is 1,751,279 PV. With this PV limit, the
bearing material can be selected using Tables 3 and 4,
select the material with a higher PV value. Thus the
material that can be used is lead bronze.
 WALL THICKNESS
From Table 2, wall thickness for bronze may range
from 1.6 mm to 12.7 mm. For specific dimensions
of thickness, consider requirements for the drive
then refer to bearing catalogs.
 MINIMUM CLEARANCE

Using Figure 2, the minimum clearance for 1,500

rpm and 25 mm shaft diameter is approximately
0.055 mm.
 BEARING SPECIFICATION
For the given drive, use a lead bronze bearing with a
25 mm bore diameter, and wall thickness range of 1.6
mm to 12.7 mm. Bearing length depends on space
limits, availability of bearing, and cost. Bearing
catalogs shall be consulted for detailed specifications.
THANK YOU!