Data and its types
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Presented by:
Kashif Kaman
Ahmad Yaqoob
Tayyaba Sarwar
Abdul Rauf
Saliha Abbas
Introduction
Statistics:
Statistics is the discipline that deals with
the collection, analysis, interpretation,
presentation, and organization of data. It
involves methods for summarizing and
making inferences from data, often with the
goal of understanding patterns, trends, and
relationships within datasets
Basics Concepts in Statistics
Population
Variable
Sample
Parameter
Sample size
Population and Parameter
Population : In statistics, a population refers to the entire group or collection of
individuals, items, or elements that are of interest for a particular study or analysis.
Examples:
Human population, Student population, Employee Population
Parameter: In statistics, a parameter is a characteristic or measure that describes a
population. Parameters are numerical values that summarize the population distribution
and provide information about its central tendency, variability, shape, or other relevant
features.
Population and Parameter
Sample and Sample Size
Sample: A sample, in statistics, is a subset
of individuals, items, or observations
selected from a larger population.
Examples:
Some students selected from the whole
class
Sample Size: A sample, in statistics, is a
subset of individuals, items, or
observations selected from a larger
population
Variables
Definition: In statistics and research methodology, a variable is any characteristic,
attribute, or quantity that can vary or take on different values
Examples:
Height
Weight
Biostatistics
Biostatistics, also known as biometry or biometrics, is a
branch of statistics that deals with the design, analysis, and
interpretation of data from biological, health, and medical
sciences. It applies statistical methods and techniques to
study biological phenomena, evaluate healthcare
interventions, and make informed decisions in fields such as
medicine, epidemiology, genetics, public health, and
environmental health
Examples:
Clinical Trials, Genetic Studies, Nutritional Studies
Types of Statistics
There are two types of statistics:
1. Descriptive statistics
2. Inferential statistics
Descriptive Statistics
Descriptive statistics refers to the branch of statistics that involves the organization,
summarization, and presentation of data in a meaningful and informative way. It focuses
on describing the main features of a dataset, such as central tendency, variability,
distribution, and relationships between variables
Inferential Statistics
Inferential statistics is a branch of statistics that involves using sample data to make
inferences or draw conclusions about a larger population. It extends beyond descriptive
statistics, which simply summarize and describe data, by allowing researchers to make
predictions, test hypotheses, and generalize findings to populations based on sample data.
Data
Raw facts and figures
Research data: that has been
collected, observed, generated or
created to validate original research
findings
Data
The primary data are those which are
collected afresh and for the first time.
Primary data are original in nature and
directly related to the issue or problem
and current data.
The Secondary data , on the other hand,
are those which have already been
collected by someone else and which have
already been passed through the statistical
process.
Sources/Methods of Primary Data
Observation (Structured and Unstructured)
Interview ( Personal / Telephonic)
Questionnaire
Schedule ( Enumerator)
Other method – Warranty Card, Use of Mechanical Devices, Audits
Sources / Methods of Secondary Data
Internal sources of Data
Company Records
Employee records
Sales records
Financial Records
Other
Sources / Methods of Secondary Data
External sources :
Published Data – By Government or Private agencies/organization
Census, CSO data, NSS
Books and magazines
Journals
Newspapers
Websites etc.
Data management
It refers to collecting data, storing it,,
organizing it and than finally
displaying it to ne analyzed for
efficient use of information.
Raw Data:
Can be arranged in the following ways:
1. Alphabetical order
2. Ascending order
Types of Data
Qualitative data
Also known as “CATEGORICAL DATA”
Describes the quality of things.
Cannot be measured in the form of number
Classified into groups.
No arithmetic operation apply ( i.e. +, -, )
Examples:
Hair Color ( Black, Red, Brown, Green, )
Size ( XL, L, M, S)
Types of Qualitative Data
There are two types of qualitative data:
1. Nominal Data
2. Ordinal Data
1. Nominal Data
Data can be categorized
It cannot be measured
It has no rank or order
It is not equidistant
It does not have any meaningful zero ( e.g. black hair)
It cannot be sorted because has no rank
Frequency, %, ::, and central points can be calculated with this type of data
E.g. Nationality, Gender, Hair color.
2. Ordinal data
It cannot be measured in the form of numbers.
It has rank or order (e.g L> M)
Not equidistant (e.g L-M = X.L- L)
X Meaningful zero ( e.g. Nothing the size zero)
Mathematical Operation:
Data can be grouped into categories.
Can be sorted ( as fellow some order < or >
Can calculate freq, %, proportions, central points
E.g Opinion (Yes or No ) , Size of cloth, Grades( A, B, C), ( XL> L> M>S)
Quantitative Data
It refers to information that can be measured and written down with numbers. It’s all about
quantities, or things that can be counted or measured. Here are some examples:
Age: It’s a number, like 25 years old.
Height: Measured in units like meters or feet, such as 1.75 meters.
Temperature: Expressed in degrees, like 30 C
Test Scores: Numbers that show performance, like scoring 85 out of 100
Sales Figures: How much was sold, like selling 300 units of a product.
Types of quantitative Data
There are two types:
1. Discrete Data
2. Continuous Data
1. Discrete data
This type of data can only take certain values. Think of it like counting whole numbers.
You can’t have half a person or 2.7 cars.
Examples:
Number of students are 20 but not 20.5 students
Votes in an Election: Each vote is counted as a whole unit.
2. Continuous Data
This data can take any value within a range. It’s like measuring something that can be
divided into smaller parts.
Examples:
Weight: A person can weigh 68.6kg, or any other precise value.
Time: It can be measured to the nearest second, minute, or even fraction of a second.
Types of Continuous data
There are two types of Continuous Data:
1. Interval Data
2. Ratio Data
1. Interval data
Interval data is measured on a scale where the intervals between values are meaningful, but
there is no true zero point.
Examples:
Temperature in Celsius: The difference between 20 Degree and 30 Degree is same as the
difference between 30 Degree and 40 Degree, but there is no absolute zero temperature.
Time of Day: Measured in hours, minutes, or seconds. The difference between 2:00 PM
and 3:00 PM is the same as the difference between 3:00 PM and 4:00 PM
2. Ratio Data
Ratio data has a true zero point, meaning zero represents the absence of the measured
quantity.
Examples:
Height : Measured in cm, inches. A height of 0 means no height (which makes sense)
Weight: Measured in kg or pounds. A weight of 0 means no weight.
Distance: Measured in meters or miles. Zero distance means no distance traveled.
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