TEKSTUR
BATUAN
METAMORFIK
METAMORPHIC TEXTURES
Texture:Is a term that
describes the size, shape
and orientation of the
grains constituting a rock,
as well as the relationship
between these grains
ELEMENTS OF METAMORPHIC
TEXTURES
1- Crystal size
2- Shape
3- Macroscopic textures (general
structure)
4- Mineral-mineral relations
5- Crystalloblastic series
6- Relationship between deformation
and metamorphism
Crystal size
<0.1 mm v. fine-grained
0.1-1mm fine-grained
1-5 mm medium-grained
5-10mm coarse-grained
> 10 mm v. coarse-
grained
Shape
Idioblastic: If the mineral
grain is euhedral
Subidioblastic: If the grain is
subhedral
Xenoblastic: If the grain is
anhedral
Macroscopic textures
(general structures)
Slaty cleavage: well developed schistosity and
cleavage in a rock where matrix grains are too
small to observe unaided
Schistose: A schist has a:
lepidoblastic foliation if this foliation is defined by
oriented micas
nematoblastic foliation if such a foliation is defined by
the orientation of prismatic minerals as amphiboles
and pyroxenes.
Macroscopic textures
(general structures)
Gneissic: A complex banded texture made
of schistose layers or bands alternating
with bands commonly characterized by a
granoblastic texture
Granoblastic: granular, interlocking
equidimensional grains of subequal size;
no preferred orientation or cleavage
Hornfelsic: Fine-grained, granular
interlocking grains, possibly of variable
shapes and sizes. No preferred
orientation.
Metamorphic textures
grouped into 3 groups:
Relict (palimpsest) textures: are
textures inherited from the
original rock type, and which have
survived metamorphism
Typomorphic textures: textures
characteristic of metamorphism
Superimposed textures: textures
characteristic of a post-
metamorphic event (alteration,
weathering, ... Etc)
Relict Textures
Relict textures in metamorphic rocks
are indicated by applying the prefix
"blasto" to the original textural name.
Relict textures are best preserved in
low-grade rocks.
porphyritic
ophitic
intergranular
amygdaloidal
spherulitic
variolitic
pisolitic
oolitic
Typomorphic textures
Textures characteristic of thermal
metamorphism:
When thermal metamorphism is not associated
with any deformation, the mineral grains are
randomly oriented, resulting granoblastic or
hornfelsic textures. granoblastic texture can
also develop in regionally metamorphosed
rocks.
1- Granoblastic polygonal: where the equidimensional
grains may have well developed crystal faces
resulting in straight grain boundaries, and where
triple junctions are common.
2- Granoblastic interlobate: where the grain
boundaries are somewhat irregular
Typomorphic textures
3- Granoblastic amoeboid: where all the
grains have irregular outlines, and all the
minerals are anhedral.
4- Granoblastic decussate: where the
interlocking randomly oriented crystals are
somewhat elongate, prismatic or
subidioblastic. Usually applied to rocks with
one or two mineral species only. Triple
junctions are common.
5- Nodular: results from the growth of oval -
shaped porphyroblasts of such minerals as
cordierite or scapolite in association with
other randomly oriented minerals as Qz, ..etc.
Typomorphic textures
Textures of dynamic metamorphism:
6- Porphyroclastic: A texture produced by the crushing or
fragmentation of large grains, resulting in two distinct grain size
distributions of the same mineral: coarser grained porphyroclasts
and finer grained fragments
7- Mortar: similar to porphyroclastic but in which the smaller
fragments are further crushed to finer and finer sizes (close to
becoming powders), while some porphyroclasts still persist
8- Protomylonitic: A more advanced stage of cataclasis, where
some minerals begin to deform in a ductile manner, giving rise to
an incipient foliation or preferred orientation.
Typomorphic textures
Textures of dynamic metamorphism:
9- Orthomylonitic: Where the rocks develop a well -
defined foliation. In quartz rich rocks, an
orthomylonitic fabric is often indicated by quartz
crystals elongated like ribbons or flames (ribbon
quartz)
10- Ultramylonitic: The most advanced stages of
cataclastic metamorphism result in the recrystallization
of the highly strained crystals into smaller ones
developing a granoblastic polygonal texture. At the
same time, a foliation defined by micaceous or
prismatic minerals persists
Typomorphic textures
Crystallization textures:
11- Porphyroblastic: Where coarse -
grained metamorphic minerals
(porphyroblasts) occur in a matrix of
finer grained crystals
12- Poikiloblastic: Where coarse -
grained metamorphic minerals
contain numerous inclusions of finer
- grained crystals of other minerals.
It is of different types:
Typomorphic textures
a- Fish-net or skeletal texture: rapid crystallization
b- Sieve texture
c- Rotational texture: where the inclusions are
oriented at an angle that suggests that the poikiloblast
may have rotated during its growth
d- Snowball: Similar to rotational texture, but where
the inclusions define a spiral shaped trail, which may
have developed from the "rolling over" of the
poikiloblasts.
e- Helicitic: Where the poikiloblasts overgrow the pre-
existing foliation. This texture therefore indicates
post-tectonic crystallization of the poikiloblasts.
Replacement textures
13- Mesh texture: develops in serpentinites,
where the needle shaped serpentine minerals
occur in aggregates interwoven like a mesh
14- Hour-glass texture: Also in serpentinites,
where the serpentine minerals replace the
granular olivine crystals giving rise to hour-glass
like appearances
15- Bastite texture: A third texture that occurs in
serpentinites, where Opx crystals were
completely replaced by aggregates of serpentine
minerals retaining the prismatic shape of the
original Opx
16- Pseudomorphic replacement textures:
(i) single-crystal
(ii) multicrystal
(iii) multi-phase, multi-crystal
Reaction textures
17- Epitaxial overgrowth: characterized by optical continuity between the
mineral and its overgrowth. Both the mineral and the overgrowth must
belong to the same structural group, and may possibly be the same mineral.
This type of overgrowth is controlled fully by the the matrix mineral
18- Topotactic replacement: One mineral overgrows another of a similar
structure (e.g. Actinolite rims on glaucophane). Orientation of overgrowing
mineral is controlled by that of the overgrown one
19- Kelyphitic texture (also a replacement texture): A kelyphitic texture is
a replacement of one mineral along its rim by an intergrowth of two or
more minerals, in a way that the new minerals almost completely surround
the mineral being replaced. The term is most commonly used when the
replacing minerals form during retrogression. Examples include kelyphitic
rims of chlorite + Fe-oxides after garnet.
Reaction textures
20- Reaction-rim texture: when one mineral replaces another along its
rims, suggesting a reaction between both phases. The contacts between
both phases are irregular.
21- Corona texture: several concentric layers of one or more minerals
completely encircling an older phase. The layers (which range from
one to five in number) represent a sequence of reactions that have
taken place (none to completion) to replace the mineral in the core or
center of the corona. Coronas form during both prograde or
retrograde metamorphism.
22-Atoll texture: where the core of a mineral is dissolved or replaced
leaving behind a surviving rim. Such textures usually form due to an
original compositional zoning within the mineral with the replaced
core.
Conglomerate with streched and
folded pebbles
Relict sedimentary texture
clastic grains of
quartz and
twinned feldspar
are still clearly
visible
the clayey matrix
has recrystallised
to fine-grained
metamorphic
micas
Relict igneous texture
greenschist-facies metagabbro
The texture of the original gabbro
is still detectable, but the rock is
entirely made up of low-grade
metamorphic minerals
The plagioclase laths are now
albite in composition, and the
igneous pyroxene has been
transformed into aggregates of
pale dirty-green actinolite and
chlorite
Recovery and recrystallisation in quartz
The large, strongly-strained
quartz grain in the centre
shows undulose extinction
These result from the
process of recovery, in
which dislocations
migrate to form planar
arrays separating
relatively strain-free
Kink-folding in mica
TEKSTUR GRANOBLASTIK
interlocking calcite grains, characteristic of
granoblastic texture.
Granoblastic-polygonal texture
Sapphirine
-cordierite
gneiss
TEKSTUR GRANOBLASTIK
interlocking plagioclase grains in granoblastic texture.
TEKSTUR GRANOBLASTIK
foliated quartzite with small subhedral
grains garnet
(quartz-biotite-garnet)
LEPIDOBLASTIK
Mica (bluish) is aligned in a foliated texture in this mica schist
LEPIDOBLASTIK
the syn-kinematic growth of the
garnet porphyroblast
Snowball garnet
The inclusions inside the garnet are rotated, indicating
a syn-tectonic growth
NEMATOBLASTIK
NEMATOBLASTIK
NEMATOBLASTIK
PORFIROBLASTIK
PORFIROBLAS MUSKOVIT
mylonitic quartzo-feldspathic rock
Ultramylonite
feldspar 'augen' in amphibolite
large crystal staurolite
altered garnet(?) pophyroblast in a
schist
Nucleation effects: Porphyroblasts
large biotite
crystals or
porphyroblasts.
to grow on the
first few
successful nuclei
in the rock
Nucleation effects: hornfelsic texture
the contact-
metamorphic
hornfels, seen
here at the same
scale, shows
abundant small
grains of biotite
Poikiloblasts inCordierite-biotite hornfels
Inclusion patterns in garnet.
This garnet porphyroblast has fine quartz inclusions in its
core
Idioblastic (euhedral)
staurolite in a
metapelite
showing good
crystal shape
idioblastic
texture is fairly
common in
porphyroblasts
Rotational porphyroblast (syn-kinematic)
garnet shows a double spiral
pattern of graphite and quartz
inclusions which indicate that it
rotated clockwise relative to the
external foliation during growth
Helicitic porphyroblast (post-
kinematic)
poikiloblast of high relief
chloritoid with strongly-crenulated
foliation
chloritoid growth entirely post-
dates all deformation in the rock
Reaction rim in retrogressed eclogite
omphacite (sodic
clinopyroxene)
enveloped by a rim of
spongy greenish
amphibole as a result of
the overprinting of the
eclogite by amphibolite-
facies metamorphism in
the later stages
SLATE
FILIT
GARNET MICA SCHIST
Plagioclase-pyroxene hornfels
Calsite forsterite marble
GRANULIT
GRANULIT
coarse-grained granulite
coarse-grained granulite
facies texture in the form
of partly recrystallized
orthopyroxene (opx),
clinopyroxene (cpx), and
primary garnet (g). Quartz
=q
thin overgrowths of
hornblende (hbl), granular
garnet (g) and biotite (bi),
the result of secondary
metamorphic
recrystallization.
ECLOGITE
Orogenic Regional Metamorphism of
the Scottish Highlands
The typical metamorphic mineral assemblage, are:
• Chlorite zone. Pelitic rocks are slates or phyllites and
typically contain chlorite, muscovite, quartz and albite
• Biotite zone. Slates give way to phyllites and schists, with
biotite, chlorite, muscovite, quartz, and albite
• Garnet zone. Schists with conspicuous red almandine
garnet, usually with biotite, chlorite, muscovite, quartz, and
albite or oligoclase
Orogenic Regional Metamorphism of
the Scottish Highlands
The typical metamorphic mineral assemblage, are:
• Staurolite zone. Schists with staurolite, biotite, muscovite, quartz,
garnet, and plagioclase. Some chlorite may persist
• Kyanite zone. Schists with kyanite, biotite, muscovite, quartz,
plagioclase, and usually garnet and staurolite
• Sillimanite zone. Schists and gneisses with sillimanite, biotite,
muscovite, quartz, plagioclase, garnet, and perhaps staurolite. Some
kyanite may also be present (although kyanite and sillimanite are
both polymorphs of Al2SiO5)
Crystalloblastic Series
Minerals higher in the series tend to form idioblastic surfaces
against those lower in the series.
• magnetite, rutile, titanite
• andalusite, kyanite, garnet, staurolite,
tourmaline
• epidote, zoisite, forsterite, lawsonite
• amphibole, pyroxene, wollastonite
• chlorite, talc, mica, prehnite, stilpnomelane
• calcite, dolomite
• cordierite, feldspar, scapolite
• quartz
Contact Metamorphism of Pelitic Rocks
slates recrystallized, contain biotite + muscovite +
cordierite + andalusite + quartz
1 mm
Contact Metamorphism of Pelitic
Rocks
Inner zone:
Thoroughly
recrystallized
Lose foliation
1 mm
Andalusite-cordierite schist,
the chiastolite cross in
andalusite
