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CHAPTER 3

MATRICES

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3.1 Definition :
2 A rectangular arrangement of numbers, in rows and columns and enclosed within a

bracket is called a matrix. We shall denote matrices by capital letters as etc.

( )
𝑎 11 𝑎12 ⋯ 𝑎 ¿ 1𝑛
¿
𝐴= ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ = ( 𝑎𝑖𝑗 )𝑚 × 𝑛
𝑎 𝑚 1 𝑎𝑚 2 ⋯ 𝑎𝑚𝑛

is a matrix of order . column element of the matrix denoted by .

Remark: A matrix is not just a collection of elements but every element has assigned a
definite position in a particular row and column.

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3.2 Special Types of Matrices:
3 1. Square matrix:

A matrix in which numbers of rows are equal to number of columns is called a

square matrix.

( ) ( )
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 2 5 −8
Example: 𝐴= 𝑎 21 𝑎22 𝑎 23 𝐵= 0 −3 −4
𝑎 31 𝑎32 𝑎 33 6 8 9
2. Diagonal matrix:
A square matrix A = is called a diagonal matrix if each of its non-diagonal
element is zero.
That is and at least one element.

Example:

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3. Identity Matrix
4 A diagonal matrix whose diagonal elements are equal to 1 is called identity
matrix and denoted by.
That is
Example:

4. Upper Triangular matrix:

A square matrix said to be a Upper triangular matrix if .
Example:

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 5 5. Lower Triangular Matrix:
A square matrix said to be a Lower triangular matrix if .
Example:

6. Symmetric Matrix:
A square matrix A = said to be a symmetric if for all i and j.
Example:

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7. Skew- Symmetric Matrix:
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A square matrix A = said to be a symmetric if for all i and j.
Example:

8. Zero Matrix:
A matrix whose all elements are zero is called as Zero Matrix and order Zero matrix
denoted by.
Example:

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9. Row Vector
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A matrix consist a single row is called as a row vector or row matrix.
Example:

10. Column Vector

A matrix consist a single column is called a column vector or column
matrix.
Example:

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3.3 Algebra of Matrices:
8 1. Equality of two matrices:

Two matrices A and B are said to be equal if

(i) They are of same order.
(ii) Their corresponding elements are equal.
That is if A = then for all i and j.
2. Scalar multiple of a matrix
Let k be a scalar then scalar product of matrix A = given denoted by kA and
given by kA = or

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3.
9 Addition of two matrices:
Let A = and are two matrices with same order then sum of the two matrices
given by

Example: let
and .
Find (i) 5B (ii) A + B (iii) 4A – 2B (iv) 0 A

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4. Multiplication of two matrices:
10 Two matrices A and B are said to be confirmable for product AB if number of
columns in A equals to the number of rows in matrix B. Let A = be two matrices the
product matrix C= AB, is matrix of order m r where

Example: Let and

Calculate (i)
(iii) is ?

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Integral power of Matrices:
11 Let A be a square matrix of order n, and m be positive integer then we
define
(m times multiplication)

3. 4. Properties of the Matrices

Let A, B and C are three matrices and are scalars then
(i) Associative Law
(ii) Distributive law
(iii) Associative Law
(iv) Associative Law
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(v) Associative Law
3.5. 12
Transpose:
The transpose of matrix A = , written is the matrix obtained by writing the
rows of A in order as columns.
That is .
Properties of Transpose:
(i)
(ii) =A
(iii) = k for scalar k.

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Example: Using the following matrices A and B, Verify the transpose properties

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Remakes:
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(i) A square matrix A is said to be symmetric if .
Example:
, A is symmetric by the definition of symmetric matrix.
Then

That is

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(ii). A square matrix A is said to be skew- symmetric if
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Example:
The matrix A is skew-symmetric since.
Example:

(i) is a symmetric matrix.

(ii) is a symmetric matrix.
(iii) is a skew-symmetric matrix.

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3.6. Determinant:
16 Let A = be a square matrix of order n , then the number called determinant of
the matrix A.
(i) Determinant of 2 2 matrix
Let A= then = =
(ii) Determinant of 3 3 matrix
Let B =
Then =

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 Example 4: Calculate the determinants of the following matrices
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(i) (ii)

Properties of the Determinant:

a. The determinant of a matrix A and its transpose are equal.

b. Let A be a square matrix

(i) If A has (column) of zeros then
(ii) If A has two identical rows ( or columns) then
(i) If A is triangular matrix then is product of the diagonal elements.
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3.7. Singular Matrix
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If A is square matrix of order n, the A is called singular matrix when and non-
singular otherwise.
3.8. Minor and Cofactors:
Let A = is a square matrix. Then denote a sub matrix of A with order (n-1) (n-
1) obtained by deleting its row and column. The determinant is called the minor of
the element of A.
The cofactor of denoted by and is equal to.
Example 4: Let

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(i) Compute
19 determinant of A.
(ii)Find the cofactor matrix.
3. 9. Adjoin Matrix:
The transpose of the matrix of cofactors of the element of A
denoted by is called adjoin of matrix A.
Example 5: Find the adjoint matrix of example 4.

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Theorem 1:
20 For any square matrix A,
where I is the identity matrix of same order.
If ………………
Example 6: Let find .
Theorem 2: (Existence of the Inverse)
The necessary and sufficient condition for a square matrix A to have an inverse is that
(That is A is non singular).
Theorem 3: (Uniqueness of the Inverse)
Inverse of a matrix if it exists is unique.

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3.10 Elementary Transformations:

Some operations on matrices called as elementary transformations. There are six types of
elementary transformations, three of then are row transformations and other three of them
are column transformations. There are as follows
(i) Interchange of any two rows (or columns).
(ii) Multiplication of the elements of any row (or column) by a non zero number k.
(iii) Multiplication to elements of any row (or column) by a scalar k and addition of it to
the corresponding elements of any other row (or column).

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We adopt the following notations for above transformations

(i) Interchange of ith row and jth row is denoted by.
(ii) Multiplication by k to all elements in the ith row.
(iii) Multiplication to elements of jth row by k and adding them to the corresponding
elements of ith row is denoted by.

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Equivalent Matrix:
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A matrix B is said to be equivalent to a matrix A if B can be obtained from A, by
for forming finitely many successive elementary transformations on a matrix A.
Denoted by A~ B.
3.11 Rank of a Matrix:
Definition:
A positive integer ‘r’ is said to be the rank of a non- zero matrix A if
(i)There exists at least one non-zero minor of order r of A and
(ii)Every minor of order greater than r of A is zero.
The rank of a matrix A is denoted by.
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 3.12 Echelon Matrices:
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A matrix is an echelon matrix or said to be in echelon form if the number of zeros

preceding the first non zero entry of a row increasing by row until zero rows remain.
In particular, an echelon matrix is called a row reduced echelon matrix if the
distinguished elements are
(i)The only non- zero elements in their respective columns.
(ii)Each equal to 1.

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Example 7:
Reduce following matrices to row reduce echelon form
(i)

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 3.13 Gauss-Jordan Method of finding the inverse
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Those elementary row transformations which reduce a given square matrix A to the unit
matrix, when applied the unit matrix I give the inverse of A.

Example :
Using the Gauss-Jordan method, find the inverse of the matrix

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3.14 Eigenvalues and eigen vectors
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If is any square matrix of order n, we can form the matrix , where is a column vector and
is a scaler. The determinant of is equal to zero.
That is
Is called the characteristic equation of . On expanding the determinant, the characteristic
equation takes the form

Where ’s are expressible in terms of the elements . The roots of the equation are called the
eigenvalues or latent roots or characteristic roots of the matrix .
which is known as the eigen vector or latent vector.

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Example:
Find the eigen values and eigen vectors of the below matrices.

(a)

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