TRACING THE

ROOTS
TRACING THE
ROOTS
TRACING THE
ROOTS
TRACING THE
ROOTS
TRACING THE
ROOTS
TRACING THE
ROOTS
TRACING THE
ROOTS
TRACING THE
ROOTS
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 2

RENAISSANCE
ARCHITECTURE
THE GOLDEN AGE
“La Rinascita” = REBIR
TH
THE RENAISSANCE
THE RENAISSANCE

• First developed in Florence, Italy

• Recovery of Vitruvius’ ten books of Architecture

• The return to ancient models of Art, Architecture, and Literature

 De
nce al vel
e rn s c i e
i v diff opm
od ere
Rise of m
Re
v nt f ent in
ield
s

THE RENAISSANCE
Humanistic cu
ltural a nis m
reformation Hum
t i v i t y
l e d g e Crea
o w
Rebirt h of kn Golden Age
Enlightenment
RENAISSANCE
PRINCIPAL PHASES

1. Early Renaissance (ca. 1400–1500); also known as the Quattrocento

2. High Renaissance (ca.1500–1525)

3. Mannerism (ca. 1520–1600)

Three Leading
Renaissance Architects
FILIPPO
BRUNELLESCHI
• the first great Renaissance architect, was
primarily a designer of churches. His most
famous work is the octagonal
brick dome of Florence Basilica.

• One of the founding fathers of the

Renaissance.

• Developed the technique of linear

perspective.
LEON BATTISTA
ALBERTI
• became the most influential architectural
theorist of the Early Renaissance.

• Instructed on the adaptation of ancient

classical forms to modern buildings.
MICHELOZZO

• was another architect under patronage of

the Medici family, his most famous work
being the Palazzo Medici Riccardi, which
he was commissioned to design for Cosimo
de' Medici in 1444.
COSIMO de MEDICI

• Founder of one of the main lines of the

Medici Family that ruled Florence during
much of the Italian Renaissance

• Wealthiest man of his time

• Italian banker and politician

• Known as “father of his country”

COSIMO de MEDICI

• Great patron of learning, arts, and

architecture.

• He used his fortune to control the

Florentine political system and to sponsor
orators, poets, philosophers, artists.
CHARACTERISTI
Renaissance Architecture

CS
CHARACTERISTICS

• Renaissance architects rejected the intricacy and verticality of the Gothic style
for the simplicity and balanced proportions of classicism.

• Adapted distinguishing features of classical Roman architecture.

• Structures built was analyzed and reconstructed to serve new purposes.

CHARACTERISTICS

• Style was no longer dependent on technical possibilities but was based on

aesthetic principles, on abstract concepts like symmetry and proportion, and the
use of the system of orders.

• Renaissance championed the style’s idea by studying Romanesque Buildings.

EARLY
RENAISSANCE
EARLY RENAISSANCE

• 16th Century

• Region – Italy, especially Florence

EARLY RENAISSANCE
• Rebuilding of Florence’s ancient cathedral became the defining achievement of
the Early Renaissance.
• Brunelleschi received the commission and looked to Ancient Rome for
inspiration.
EARLY RENAISSANCE

CENTRALIZED
PLANS
• The plans of Renaissance buildings have
a square, symmetrical appearance in
which proportions are usually based on a
module. Within a church, the module is
often the width of an aisle.

• The Early Renaissance saw the first

experiments with the neoplatonic ideal of
the centralized plan.
Bramante’s original plan for St.
Peter’s Basilica
EARLY RENAISSANCE
CENTRALIZED
PLANS

Bramante’s original plan for St.

Peter’s Basilica
Raphael’s unused plan for St. Peter’s Basilica
EARLY RENAISSANCE

FACADE

• Façades are symmetrical around their

vertical axis.

• Church façades are generally surmounted by

a pediment and organised by a system of
pilasters, arches and entablatures.

• The columns and windows show a

progression towards the centre.
EARLY RENAISSANCE

FACADE

• Domestic buildings are often

surmounted by a cornice.

• There is a regular repetition of

openings on each floor, and the
centrally placed door is marked by a
feature such as a balcony, or
rusticated surround.

PALAZZO RUCELLAI, FLORENCE by Leon Battista Alberti

EARLY RENAISSANCE

COLUMNS AND PILASTERS

• The Roman orders of columns are used:

Tuscan, Doric, Ionic, Corinthian and
Composite.

• The orders can either be structural,

supporting an arcade or architrave, or purely
decorative, set against a wall in the form of
pilasters.
EARLY RENAISSANCE

COLUMNS AND PILASTERS

• During the Renaissance, architects aimed to use columns, pilasters,

and entablatures as an integrated system.

• One of the first buildings to use pilasters as an integrated system was in the Old
Sacristy (1421–1440) by Brunelleschi.
EARLY RENAISSANCE
COLUMNS AND PILASTERS

DORI TUSCA
C N IONIC

CORINTHIA
N COMPOSITE
 EXTERIOR OF SAGRESTIA
VECCHIA or OLD
Christian building in Florence, Italy
SACRISTY

PILLASTE
RS
EARLY RENAISSANCE

ARCHES
• Arches are semi-circular or (in the Mannerist
style) segmental.

• Arches are often used in arcades, supported on

piers or columns with capitals.

• There may be a section of entablature between

the capital and the springing of the arch.
Alberti was one of the first to use the arch on a
monumental scale at the St. Andrea in Mantua.
ARCADED COURTYARD OF
PALAZZO MEDICI
Florence, Italy
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE
BUILDING COMPONENTS FOR RENAISSANCE RELIGIOUS
ARCHITECTURE
VAULT

• Vaults do not have ribs.

• They are semi-circular or segmental and on a square plan, unlike the
Gothic vault which is frequently rectangular.
COFFERED VAULT
OF ST. ANDREA
Mantua, Italy
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE
BUILDING COMPONENTS FOR RENAISSANCE
RELIGIOUS ARCHITECTURE
DOME
• he plans of Renaissance buildings have a square,
symmetrical appearance in which proportions are
usually based on a module. Within a church, the
module is often the width of an aisle.

Dome of St. Peter’s Basilica

RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE
BUILDING COMPONENTS FOR RENAISSANCE RELIGIOUS
ARCHITECTURE

CEILING
• Roofs are fitted
with flat or
coffered ceilings.
• They are
frequently painted
or decorated

Sistine chapel decorative coffered ceiling

RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE
BUILDING COMPONENTS FOR RENAISSANCE
RELIGIOUS ARCHITECTURE
WINDOWS

• Windows may be paired and set

within a semi-circular arch.
• They may have square lintels and
triangular or segmental pediments

Façade details, Ospedale degli Innocenti in

Florence.
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE
BUILDING COMPONENTS FOR RENAISSANCE
RELIGIOUS ARCHITECTURE

WALLS
• External walls are generally constructed of brick, rendered, or faced
with stone in highly finished ashlar masonry, laid in straight courses.
• The corners of buildings are often emphasised by rusticated quoins.
• Basements and ground floors were often rusticated
• Internal walls are smoothly plastered and surfaced with lime wash.
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE
BUILDING COMPONENTS FOR RENAISSANCE
RELIGIOUS ARCHITECTURE
DOORS
• Doors usually have square lintels.
• They may be set within an arch or surmounted by a triangular or segmental
pediment.
• Openings that do not have doors are usually arched and frequently have a large or
decorative keystone.
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE
HIGH RENAISSANCE

• The period known as the High Renaissance roughly spans the four
decades from 1490 to the sack of Rome in 1527.
• Classical principles of beauty, balance, order, serenity, harmony, &
rational design reached a zenith of perfection
• Humanistic values of Classicism would prevail
• Cultural center shifted from Florence to Rome as popes became the
leading patrons – Alexander VI, Pius III, Julius II, Leo X
• Donato Bramante (1444-1514), the leading architect of the High
Renaissance
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE

The Tempietto
- designed by Donato Bramante

- signifies a full-scale revival of

ancient Roman commemorative
architecture

- was constructed from bearing

masonry.

- circular temple supports a classical

entablature, and was framed in the
shadowy arch of the cloister.
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE
MANNERISM

• 1520-1564
• Antihumanistic visions of the world would dominate
• Anticlassical
• notable for elongated forms, precariously balanced poses, a collapsed
perspective, & irrational settings
• playing with the symmetry, order, and harmony typically found in
Renaissance architecture
• best known artist associated with the Mannerist style is Michelangelo (1475–
1564)
Michangelo’s design for the
vestibule of the Laurentian
Library, there are ambiguities of
how to read the space which result
from Michelangelo's playfulness
with the architecture itself.
Columns lean back instead of
forward, the corners come out
toward you instead of recessing.
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE

Baldassare Peruzzi's
most famous work is
the Palazzo Massimo
alle Colonne in Rome.
The unusual features of
this building are that its
façade curves gently to
follow a curving street.
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE
RENAISSANCE TO BAROQUE

• As the new style of architecture spread out from Italy, most other
European countries developed a sort of Proto-Renaissance style,
before the construction of fully formulated Renaissance buildings.
• Each country in turn then grafted its own architectural traditions to the
new style, so that Renaissance buildings across Europe are diversified
by region.
• Within Italy the evolution of Renaissance architecture into Mannerism
led to the Baroque style in which the same architectural vocabulary
was used for very different rhetoric.
Renaissance Architecture
MOST IMPORTANT
RENAISSANCE
ARTISTS
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE

Leonardo da Vinci
• Best known renaissance artist

• Famous for his masterworks “The Mona Lisa” and

“The Last Supper”

• Not only an artist, but also an inventor, scientist,

architect, engineer.

• Made the famous sketch the Vitruvian man

Leonardo da Vinci
Leonardo da Vinci
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE
Michelangelo di
Lodovico Buonarroti

• An accomplished artist, poet, architect,

engineer.

• Best known work is a sculpture known as

“David”
Michelangelo
Michelangelo
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE

Raffaello Sanzio da
Urbino (Raphael)

• Known as the third of the great master

artists of Renaissance Italy.

• Famous works: “The school of Athens”

Raphael
Raphael
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE

Donato di Niccolò di Betto

Bardi (Donatello)

• Worked mainly as a sculptor

• Famous work: Saint Mark

Donatello
 Leonardo

Donatello

Michelangelo

Raphael
Renaissance Architecture
ARCHITECTS
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE
Filippo Brunelleschi
• 1377-April 15, 1446
• an Italian designer
• oldest amongst the founding fathers of the
Renaissance architects
• recognized to be the first modern engineer,
planner and sole construction supervisor
• developing a technique for linear
perspective in art and for building the
dome of the Florence Cathedral.

Early Renaissance
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE
Ospedale degli Innocenti
'Hospital of the Innocents'

• 1419-1427 first phase supervise by Brunelleschi

• 1445 – formerly opened
• It was also the first building in Florence to make clear reference—in its
columns and capitals—to classical antiquity.
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE

PLAN
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE

ELEVATION
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE

Features

a nine bay loggia facing the Piazza

SS. Annunziata
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE

TONDO
COLUMN
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE

TABERNACLE WINDOW
 RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE

Cattedrale di Santa Maria del

Fiore
"Cathedral of Saint Mary of the
Flowers“ or Florence Cathedral

• Sept. 9, 1296 - 1436

• the main church of Florence, Italy
• Il Duomo di Firenze, as it is
ordinarily called
• the largest brick dome ever
constructed
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE

Employed the Gothic pointed arch cross section instead of a semicircular one

To reduce dead load, he created a double shell as was done in the Pantheon

Employed 24 vertical ribs and 5 horizontal rings of sandstone, as observed in the ruins of Roman construction

The cupola on top was a temple of masonry acting as a weight on top of the dome.

A wooden framework was laid on which stone strings were attached at 5 segments/levels.

Bricks were laid on top of the framework.

Herringbone fashion of construction was followed.

The Ribs, 13 feet (4 meters) deep, are supported by 16 concealed ribs radiating from center.
The ribs had slits to take beams that supported platforms, thus allowing the work to progress upward without the
need for scaffolding.[
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE

Part of the lower visible

wood chain inside the
dome

The herringbone
brick pattern inside
the dome.
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE
Michelozzo di Bartolomeo
Michelozzi
• 1396 – October 7, 1472
• an Italian architect & sculptor
• Considered one of the great pioneers
of architecture during the Renaissance
• Known primarily by non-historians for
designing Palazzo Medici Riccardi in
Florence
• "He remained for his biographers a
shadowy, active, competent, second-
rate figure, circling around the
glowing glory of the two dominant
masters."
Early Renaissance
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE
Palazzo Medici
Riccardi
• 1444 - 1484
• a Renaissance palace
located in Florence,
Italy. It is the seat of the
Metropolitan City of
Florence.
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE

COURTYARD
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE

Palazzo medici
riccardi salone luca
giordano
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE

Medici Riccardi Chapel

RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE
San Marco

• 1437 - 1438
• one of Michelozzo's first
and most influential
architectural projects in
Florence
• called the first
Renaissance church
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE
Donato di Pascuccio d'Antonio

• 1444 – March 11 1514

• an Italian architect

• Also known as Bramante Lazzari or

Donato Bramante

High Renaissance
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE

Cortile del Belvedere

"Belvedere Courtyard“

• 1506
• a major architectural work
of the High Renaissance at
the Vatican Palace in Rome
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE

The Tempietto of San Pietro

• 1502 – 1510
• a small commemorative
martyrium (tomb)
• considered a masterpiece of
High Renaissance Italian
architecture
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE

Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino

• March 28, 1483 or April 6, 1483 – April
6, 1520
• an Italian painter & architect
• His work is admired for its clarity of
form, ease of composition, and visual
achievement of the Neoplatonic ideal of
human grandeur

High Renaissance
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE

Palazzo Branconio del

• 1520
• a lost palace in the rione
Borgo of Rome (west of
Castel Sant'Angelo)
• Demolished on 1660
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE

Cappella Chigi
"Chigi Chapel “

• 1513
• is the second chapel on the
left-hand side of the nave in
the Church of Santa Maria
del Popolo in Rome.
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE

Study of God the

Father by Raphael
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE

Mors ad caelos
pavement
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE
Andrea Palladio
• 30 November 1508 – 19 August
1580
• an Italian painter & architect
• widely considered to be the most
influential individual in the
history of architecture

Mannerism
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE

I quattro libri dell'architettura

"The Four Books of Architecture “

• 1508–1580
• an Italian treatise on
architecture
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE
• Villa Pisani (Bagnolo) in I
Quattro Libri dell'Architettura
• Walls — parametric formula
• Ceilings — parametric formula
• Stairs — parametric formula
• Columns — parametric object
• Doors — parametric formula
• Windows — parametric formula
• Frames — parametric object
• Roof — parametric formula
• Details — parametric object and
formula
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE

Villa Capra "La Rotonda

"Villa La Rotonda “

• 1508–1580
• proper name is Villa Almerico
Capra Valmarana
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE

Michelangelo di Lodovico
Buonarroti Simoni

• 6 March 1475 – 18 February 1564

• an Italian sculptor, painter, architect,
poet, and engineer of the High
Renaissance who exerted an
unparalleled influence on the
development of Western art.
• Considered to be the greatest living
artist during his lifetime, he has since
also been described as one of the
greatest artists of all time
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE

Facade
Church of San
Lorenzo in
Florence
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE

Sagrestia Nuova
" New sacristy “

• a companion piece to
the Old Sacristy of
Brunelleschi and
Donatello , now part of
the museum complex of
the Medici Chapels .
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE

Giuliano da Sangallo

• Italian sculptor, architect, and military

engineer.

• Known for being the favored architect

of Lorenzo Medici
Medici Villa at Poggio a Caiano
Palazzo Della Rovere in Savona
REFERENCES

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Wolf, Norbert. (2007) Romanesque. Germany: TASCHEN GmbH

Toman, Rolf. (1998) Baroque Architecture Sculpture Painting. Maxeville, France: Imprimerie Jean Lamour

Toman, Rolf. (2010) Romanesque Architecture Sculpture Painting. Potsdam, Germany: [Link]
publishing

Toman, Rolf. (2015) Ranaissance Architecture Sculpture Painting Drawing. Potsdam, Germany: [Link]
publishing GmbH
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an imprint of Tandem VerlagGmbH

Fahr-Becker, G. (2015) Art Nouveau. Potsdam, Germany: [Link] publishing GmbH

Bietoletti, S., Capretti, E., Chiarini, M., Cresto, C., Giusti, A., Morandi, C., Paolucci, A., Scalini, M., Tartuferi,
A. (2005) Florence Art and Architecture. Potsdam, Germany: [Link] publishing GmbH

Tietz, J. (2008) The Story of Modern Architecture. Cambridge: [Link]

Tietz, J. (2013) The Story of Modern Architecture of the 20th Century. Potsdam, Germany: [Link]
publishing GmbH

De Witt, D., De Witt, E. (1987) Modern ArChitecture in Europe. New York, N.Y.: NAL Penguin Inc.

Curtis, W. (2011) Modern Architecture 1900. All Saints, St., London: Phaidon Press Inc.
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Thiebaut, P. (2002) Gaudi Builder of Vision.: New York: Thames & Hudson Ltd

Maravall, J.A. (1986) Culture of the Baroque. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press

Zamora, L. P. and Kaup, M. (2010) Baroque New Worlds. Duke University Press

Hopkins, O. (2014) Architectural Styles. City Road, London: Laurence King Publishing Text and photography
Cole, E. (2014) Architectural Details. High Street, Lewes: Ivy Press

Fletcher, B. (1996) A History of Architecture. Jordan Hill, Oxford: Architectural Press

Zant, E. V. (1995) The Life and Works of Antonio Gaudi. Great Britain: Parragon Book

Haegen, A. M., Strasser, R. (2013) Tuscany Art & Architecture. Potsdam, Germany: [Link] publishing
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Bohlen, B. H. (2006) Andalusia Art & Architecture. Potsdam, Germany: [Link] publishing GmbH

Kaminski, M. (2013) Venice Art & Architecture. Potsdam, Germany: [Link] publishing GmbH

Bohlen, B. H. (2006) Rome Art & Architecture. Potsdam, Germany: [Link] publishing GmbH

Wirtz, R. C. (2013) Florence Art & Architecture. Potsdam, Germany: [Link] publishing GmbH
Powell, K. (2011) The Great Builders. New York, N.Y.: Thames & Hudson Inc.

Zanlungo, C., Tarabra, D. (2012) The Story of Baroque Architecture. Munich . London . New York: Prestel Publishers

Favole, P. (2012) The Story of Moder Architecture. Munich . London . New York: Prestel Publishers

Servida, S. (2011) The Story of Renaissance Architecture. Munich . London . New York: Prestel Publishers
Jestaz, B. (1996) Architecture of The Renaissance from Brunelleschi to Palladio. High Holborn, London: Thames &
Hudson Ltd.

Hopkins, A. (2002) Italian Architecture from Michelangelo to Borromini. High Holborn, London: Thames & Hudson Ltd.