GLASSWARE
KAMALA,MENUKA,SURAKCHHYA,POOJA
[Link] 1ST YEAR
JFIHS/LACHS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction
Composition
General glassware
Care and maintenance of glasswares
INTRODUCTION
Laboratory glasswares are usually manufactured by
boro-silicate glass. It is a resistant to the action of
chemicals with the exception of hydrofluoric acid. It
is made to withstand mechanical breakage and a
sudden change of temperature.
COMPOSITION OF GLASS
I NGREDIENT PERCENTAGES
[Link] 80.6
[Link] Oxide 12.6
3. Sodium Oxide 4.15
[Link] Oxide 2.2
General Glasswares
1. BEAKERS
These have capacities from 5 to 500 ml.
They are generally in a square
form,which is cylindrical and has a spout.
These are used mainly for the
preparation of solutions.
Flasks
These have capacities of 25-5000 ml.
Different types of flasks used are as follows:
Conical flasks: These are used for preforming titration and for boiling the
solutions, since evaporation is minimum because of the conical shape.
Flat bottomed round flask: These are mainly used for heating liquids.
Round-bottomed flasks: These can withstand higher temperature. They may
be heated in a naked flame, or in an electrothermal mantle.
Volumetric flasks: They are flat bottomed pear-shaped vessels with long
narrow necks with a specific volume mark and fitted with a stopper. These
are mainly used to make final volume of the reagent very accurately.
Round-bottomed flasks: These can withstand
higher temperature. They may be heated in a
naked flame,or in an electrothermal mantle.
Volumetric flask: They are flat bottomed pear-
shaped vessels with long narrow necks with a
specific volume mark and fited with a stopper.
These are mainly used to make final volume of
the reagent very accurately.
Flat bottomed round flasks volumetric flasks
MEASURING CYLINDER
They are available in 10-2000 ml capacities.
They are used to measure quantity of the
liquid. A high degree of accuracy is not
possible because of their wide bore.
BOTTLES
The general types of bottles are described
below:
Reagent bottles: They are cylindrical,have narrow
necks and fitted with stoppers made up of plain glass
or amber coloured glass.
Screw-capped bottles: These are available in 5-1000
ml capacities and may be round or flat. The caps may
be made up of metal or plastic. These are very good
to store hygroscopic reagents.
Winchester quart bottles: They are of 2000 ml
capacity and are available in white or brown glass.
They fitted with glass stoppers. They are useful for
storing specimen like urine(24 hours collection).
Drop bottles: These are about 50-100 ml capacities
and made in white or brown glass, with narrow
neck and a slotted glass stopper. They are used for
delivery of drops of solutions,such as stains.
BURETTS
These are used for measuring variable quantities
of liquid. They are available in capacities of 1-100
ml. They are long graduated tubes of uniform
bore and are closed at the lower end by means of
a glass stopcock. These are used for titrations and
also to dispense corrosive reagents.
CONDENSERS
These are available in variable
sizes and used mainly for
distillation and for reflux
operations.
DESICCATORS
These are available in variable sizes. Chemicals
like sulfuric acid, phosphorus pentoxide, calcium
chloride and silica gel can be used as desiccants.
The desiccators are mainly used to desiccate
chemicals, used for the preparation of accurate
normal solutions and standards.
FUNNELS
These are available in variety of range
for the separation of
Solids from liquids
Liquids from liquids
For pouring liquid,chemicals or solutions
into a container
The commonly used funnels are of
diameter of 50,65,75 and 100 mm.
Tubes
Based on the need of an experiment different
types of tubes are used in a clinical laboratory.
They are:
Test tubes (with or without rim) : these are
of uniform thickness and withstand mechanical &
thermal shocks. Tubes with rim are preferred
when reagent in a tube is directly heated on the
flame with test tubes holders. The commonly used
test tubes are of the following specifications.
outer diameter * length(mm)
1. 10*75 : these are used for testing
procedures as well as centrifugation.
2. 15*125: these are used for most of the
biochemistry test.
3. 18*150: these are used for heating the
reaction mixture directly on flame.
Centrifuge tubes: These are either graduated or
plain & available in the conical shape. The
commonly used tubes are of the size 17*120mm.
Folin-Wu’s tubes: These tubes are mainly used
for the determination blood sugar by Folin-Wu’s
method. These are engraved at 12.5 & 25 ml.
Digestion tubes: These are calibrated at 35 & 50ml
and mainly used for the conversion of organic matter into
inorganic matter by heating it in the presence of digestion
mixture (50% sulfuric acid & selenium dioxide).
DISTILLATION APPARATUS
This type of apparatus is used for
the preparation of glass distilled
water. A flat bottom flask is used
with a side delivery tube &
condenser. It can also be used for
redistillation of organic solvents
like ethanol & isopropanol.
SYRINGE
These are mainly used for the collection of blood
& CSF. The most commonly used syringes are 2.0 ,
5.0 , 10.0 & 20.0 ml capacities.
PIPETTES
Theseare used for dispensing controlled
quantities of liquids and are classified as follows:
Pipettes
Graduated pipettes Volumetric pipettes
scrological mohar
CARE &&AND & MAINTENANCE
OF GLASSWARES
Heating & cooling
Do not place glasswares on a damp surface.
Heat all liquid slowly and always use metal guaze
or waterbath to diffuse heat.
Cool the glasswares slowly to prevent thermal
breakage. Never leave the vessels unattended
when heating work is being carried out. The
vessels may crack when ‘dryness condition’
approaches.
Mixing and stirring
Always add acids to water with constant stirring,
when concentrated acids are diluted.
Never mix conc. Sulfuric acid with water inside a
glass cylinder. The heat of dissolution can break
the base of the cylinder.
Use ice when alkalies like sodium hydroxide are
added to water in large quantity. This can prevent
breakage of glasswares by heat of dissolution.
Cleaning of glassware
Soak new glassware for several hours in 1%
hydrochloric acid since new glasswares is slightly
alkaline in reaction which could affect test result.
Soak glassware in tap water or detergent
immediately after use. When using cleaning aids,
e.g. brushes, ensure that these are in good
condition. The use of worn out brushes will lead
to serious abrading of the glassware.
Rinse thoroughly in tap water.
Final rinse should always be with distilled water.
Drying of glasswares
After washing by draining excess water,
glasswares can be dried in the hot air oven at 100
volumetric type of glassware should not be dried
in the hot air oven. These can be dried at room
temperature, by standing them on a folded towel.
Afterwards dried glasswares should be protected
from dust by cotton plugging or by tapping with
paper pieces.
Reference:
Godkar page no.
19,20,21,22,23,24,25
Internet source
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