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Lecture-5 Vector Calculus-I

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75 views26 pages

Lecture-5 Vector Calculus-I

Uploaded by

abdullahnaveed7322
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

VECTOR CALCULUS I

LECTURE 5

DR. MOHAIRA AHMAD


Spring 2024
Week-2, Lec#2
Words of wisdom !

• The concepts introduced in this chapter provide a convenient


language for expressing certain fundamental ideas in
electromagnetics or mathematics in general. A student may feel
uneasy about these concepts at first—not seeing "what good" they
are.
• Such a student is advised to concentrate simply on learning the
mathematical techniques and to wait for their applications in
subsequent chapters.
Differential Elements – Cartesian Coordinates
 Differential elements in length, area, and volume are useful in
vector calculus

 Differential
displacement or length is
given by:
Differential Elements – Cartesian Coordinates
 Differential normal areas are given by:

 Differential volume is given by:


Differential Elements –Cylindrical Coordinates

 Differential
displacement or
length is given
as:
Differential Elements –Cylindrical Coordinates
 Differential normal areas are given as:

 Differential volume is given as:


Differential Elements – Spherical Coordinates
 Differential displacement or
length is given as:
Differential Elements – Spherical Coordinates
 Differential normal areas are:

 Differential volume is:


Differential Elements

 These differential elements are very important as they will be referred


to again and again throughout the course

 The student is encouraged to learn to derive them from the figures


Example
Line Integral
 Concept of integration will now be extended to cases when the
integrand involves a vector

 By a line we mean the path in space

 The line integral of A along curve L is the integral of the


tangential component of A along curve L:

 Also called line integral of A around L (shown in figure on next


slide)
Line Integral
 If the path of integration is a closed curve – the line integral
becomes a closed contour integral

 This is called the circulation of A around L


Surface Integral
 Given a vector field A, continuous in a region containing the
smooth surface S, the surface integral or the flux of A through S
is:
Volume Integral
 A closed line path defines an open surface whereas a closed
surface defines a volume

 If the scalar ρv is the volume density of a certain quantity, then


the volume integral of ρv over the volume v is:

 The physical meaning of a line, surface, or volume integral


depends on the nature of the physical quantity represented by A
or ρv

 For example, line integral of an electric field around a closed


loop is equal to the voltage generated in that loop
Example
DEL Operator
 The del operator, written as , is a vector differential operator

 In Cartesian coordinates:

 This vector differential operator, otherwise known as the


gradient operator, is not a vector in itself

 But when it operates on a scalar function, it results in a vector


•The del operator will be used in defining different
quantities in subsequent sections like:

1. The gradient of a scalar V, written, as


2. The divergence of a vector A, written as • A
3. The curl of a vector A, written as X A
4. The Laplacian of a scalar V, written as 2V
DEL Operator – Cylindrical Coordinate System
 We have:

 Hence:

 By substitution:
DEL Operator – Spherical Coordinate System
 We have:

 Hence:

 By substitution:
Gradient of a Scalar
 The gradient of a scalar field V is a vector that represents both
the magnitude and the direction of the maximum space rate of
increase of V
Gradient of a Scalar
 In Cartesian coordinates, we have:

 For Cylindrical coordinates:

 For Spherical coordinates:


Fundamental Properties of
 Magnitude of equals the maximum rate of change in V per unit
distance

 points in the direction of the maximum rate of change in V

 at any point is perpendicular to the constant V surface that


passes through that point

 The projection (or component) of in the direction of a unit


vector a is • a and is called the directional derivative of V along
a – Rate of change of V in the direction of a

 If A = , V is said to be the scalar potential of A


Problem-1
 The surfaces define a closed surface as shown below. Find the
area BCGF.

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