Prinsip Radar

RADAR
 The word RADAR is an acronym for Radio
Detection (A)nd Ranging
 Radar is an electromagnetic system for the

detection and location of objects.

 It operates by transmitting a particular type

of waveform and detects the nature of the

echo signal.
RADAR
 A radar consists of three main parts:
 A transmitting antenna

The transmitting antenna emits

electromagnetic radiation, a portion of which
is reflected back by the target.
 A receiving antenna

The receiving antenna receives this reflected

energy and delivers it to the receiver
RADAR
 An energy detecting device, or a receiver.
The receiver processes this energy to detect
the presence of the target and to extract its
location, relative velocity, and other
information
 The energy emitted by the radar is usually in
the form of a train of narrow, rectangular-
shaped pulses  it’s called RADAR
WAVEFORM
A typical radar waveform
 This figure should be understood to mean
that a pulse of electromagnetic energy is
being transmitted every t0 seconds.
 It also means that the frequency of

transmission (that is, the number of pulses

per second) is given by:
 Consider a pulse of energy being sent at a
given instant in time. It travels to the target at
a speed of c meters/sec, hits the target, and
is reflected back at the same speed. The
reflected energy is received at the radar TR
seconds after sending the pulse. Then , the
distance or range R to the target is given by:
 R is in meters and c is usually taken to be the
speed of light and is assumed to be c
=3×10^8m/sec
 The first pulse, after being reflected from the
target, is received by the radar before the
second pulse is transmitted.
 There will be no ambiguity here as the

reflected pulse can be easily identified as a

reflection of the first pulse
 But in next Figure,we notice that the

reflection of the first pulse is received after

the second pulse has been transmitted.
 This causes some confusion
 Note
since thatwithout
the radar, this ambiguity
any does not arise if TR
additional information,
<t 0,
cannot determine whether
the received signal is a
reflection of the first pulse
or of the second pulse. This
leads to an ambiguity in
determining the range

Note that this ambiguity does

not arise if TR <t 0,
 Thus, the maximum range or distance of the
target which does not cause any ambiguity is
denoted by Runamb and is given by:

This is known as the maximum

unambiguous range of the radar
 If the target is beyond this distance then the
reflection of a pulse is received after the next
pulse has been transmitted.
 This is known as the second-time-around

echoes effect
Question
 Consider a radar with pulse repetition
frequency 1000 Hz. (a) Find the time duration
between two pulses. (b) Suppose an echo
from a distant object is received 20 μsec after
a pulse is transmitted, what is the distance of
the object from the radar? (c) Is there a
second -time-around echo from this object?
 Consider a radar using a transmitting antenna
which radiates power uniformly in all
directions. Such antennas are called isotropic
antennas. Let Pt be the power radiated by
such an antenna. Then the power density at a
distance R is given by:
 However, it is somewhat wasteful to radiate
energy in all directions. Thus, radars may
employ directive antennas to channelize, or
direct, the radiated power in a particular
direction (i.e., the direction of the target)
 The gain in power density so achieved is

denoted by G and is a measure of the

increased power radiated in the direction of
the target as compared to the power that
would have been radiated from an isotropic
antenna.
 It may also be defined as the ratio of the
maximum radiation intensity from the given
antenna to the Radiation intensity from a
lossless isotropic antenna with the same
power input
 G is also known as the antenna gain
 Thus, the power density from a directive
antenna at a distance R is given by:
 The target, situated at a distance R,
intercepts a portion of the power and reflects
it in various directions
 The measure of the amount of power

intercepted by the target is defined as the

radar cross-section of the target. It is
denoted by σ and has the unit of area
 Note, that the radar cross-section is the
characteristic of a particular target and is a
measure of its size as seen by the radar
 Thus, the amount of power intercepted by the

target at a distance R from the radar is:

However, like all ”simple” explanations,

this statement is not precise in the
sense that σ is not just the surface area
that the target presents to the radar
radiations, but σ is a complex function
of the target surface area as well as
many other factors which depend on
the characteristics of the target.
 Now we assume that this power p gets
radiated in all directions, and therefore, using
the same argument, the power density of the
reflected signal at the receiving antenna is
given by:

The radar antenna

now captures a
portion of this
reflected power
 How much of this power is actually captured
depends on what is known as the effective
area of the receiving antenna
 This is denoted by Ae and has the unit of

area. It is also known as the antenna effective

aperture
 The power Pr received by the radar is:
 The radar receiver must be capable of
detecting the power received. Suppose the
radar receiver can detect only those signals
which are greater than a value Smin (known as
the minimum detectable signal ), then the
maximum range of the radar can be obtained
from:
 This is the fundamental form of the radar
equation. Note that the two important
antenna parameters used here are the
antenna gain G and the effective antenna
aperture Ae.
 Many radars use the same antenna for both

transmission and reception. In such cases,

from antenna theory, the relationship
between the antenna gain and the receiving
effective area of an antenna is given as:
 where, λ is the wavelength of the transmitted
energy.
 Substituting this relation in

we obtain another form of the radar equation.

 If we substitute for Ae instead of G then from

we get
 and obtain the radar equation as
Question
A. Find the power density at a target situated at a distance of 50 km
from a radar radiating a power of 100 MW from a lossless isotropic
antenna.
B. If this radar now employs a lossless isotropic antenna with a gain of
5000 and the target has a radar cross-section of 1.2 m2, then what
is the power density of the echo signal at the receiver?
C. If the minimum detectable signal of the radar is 10^−8 MW and the
wavelength of the transmitted energy is 0.02 m, then what is the
maximum range at which the radar can detect targets of the kind
mentioned in (B)?
D. What is the effective area of the receiving antenna?
E. Suppose, due to some modifications made in the radar system
components, the antenna gain is doubled while keeping the antenna
effective aperture constant. Find the new radar range.
F. What is the new radar range if the antenna gain doubles while λ
remains constant?