Integration using substitution
and by parts
Methods of integration:
Some approaches for determining integrals do not
allow for direct selection of the antiderivative of a
function by reducing it to standard forms.
Some of these strategies rely on
1. Integration by substitution.
2. Integration involving partial fractions.
3. Integration by parts.
What we have learned in last class?
Order and degree of differential equation ?
explain order with example and degree with example?
Conclusion : we discuss about first order ,second order differential
equations as per INTERMEDIATE text book or iitjee mains /advanced.
Integrating factor and general solution by the form (I.F)y =∫(I.F)Q dx for the
equation dy/dx + Py =Q
Write down the differential equation
in its standard form dy/dx +Py =Q
∫ x^2 sinx dx (ILATE = ALGEBRIAC 1st function)
apply uv rule 1st question.
Last class: Differential equations
• The integrating factor technique is employed when the differential equation is of the
form dy/dx + P(x)y = Q(x), where P and Q are both functions with x as only variable.
A first-order differential equation is of the form y' + P(x)y = Q(x). P and Q are both
functions of x, as well as the first derivative of y.
• 1) Differential equations describe a variety of exponential development and decay patterns.
2) It can also be used to describe electric current flow. [ i =dq/dt ]
3) These equations can also be used to describe the motion of waves and pendulums. Also
velocity ,acceleration can be found by differentiating the given equation.
In engineering, the ordinary differential equation can be used to determine the relationship
between several variables.
Order and degree of differential equation
• A differential equation's order is the highest order of the
derivative that appears in it. Consider the following
differential equations:
dy/dx = e^x; (d4y/dx4) + y = 0, (d3y/dx3) + x2(d2y/dx2) = 0.
The highest derivatives in the preceding differential equation
examples are of the first, fourth, and third orders respectively.
Handy results to simplify the differential
equations :
INTEGRATION by substitution
Identities also helps sometimes : sin^2(x) + cos^2(x) =1
Step -1: sinx =t
Procedure:
Sinx =t gives cosxdx =dt . ∫5 t^4 dt = t^5/5 +c
=(sinx)^5/5 +c
Correct option is (B)
Step -1
cos^3(x) = cos^2(x).cosx =[1-sin^2(x)].cosx .
Step -1: ∫cosx(cosx)^2 dx = ∫ cosx[1-(sinx)^2]dx
Step -2 : Substitution sinx =t gives cosxdx =dt
Step -3:integrating [1-t^2]dt
Step -4: option (c) is correct.
Examples of substitution comes by practice
Integration by parts ;1st function ILATE
Best substitution will be x= acost ,y =asint
(acost)^2 + (asint)^2 =a^2
Substitution , clearly sinx =t is correct way
to start with.
Solution: Let sinx =t that gives cosxdx =dt
∫dt/[t^2 -6t +12] =∫dt/[t^2 -6t +9 +3] =∫dt /[ (t-3)^2 + 3]
=∫d(t-3)/[(t-3)^2 +(√3)^2]
Therefore ,we get = (1/√3) Tan^-1( t-3/ √3)
Answer : (1/√3) Tan^-1( sinx-3/ √3)
First substitution ,tan^-1 x =t
Solution: lets factorize t^6+1 = (t^2 +1)( t^4 –t^2 +1 )
As we can observe –t^2 term is missing in the numerator to
simplify further . So am adding –t^2 and to counteract it am
adding t^2.
numerator = [t^4-t^2 +1] +t^2 . Lets find the indefinite
integral first .
I = ∫dt/(t^2+1) + (t^2) dt/[t^6+1]
= tan^-1(t) + ∫ [t^2 -1+1]dt/[t^6+1]
=tan^-1(t) +∫dt/[t^4-t^2+1] + ∫dt/[t^6+1]
Solution to previous problem
_
∏
- 4 - _∏
12
Step -1 :As we remember above two formulas to start with. Then let’s
check Even or odd function to proceed further .
Approach and formula
Step -2 : Simplification and cos2x= 2(cosx)^2-1
=1-2(sinx) ^2 .
–cos 2x= 1- 2(cosx)^2 =2(sinx)^2-1
27 I^2 =12(I=2/3) is the answer
Hint:
After
factorization ,the
n
Substitution
Gives the result.
TIME -6MINUTES
1st attempt on
paper.
Similar questions comes in iitjee
Inverse functions integration
Multiply both upper limits and subtract
with product of lower limits
By taking siny =z , we get
Only 9th question : bf(b) –af(a) is correct
answer .option (b) is correct
Often asked in iit jee advanced , f(x) can be anything . Like f(x) = sinx ,
cosx , (1-x)^4 etc…. Principle remains same ..
For first question , substitution works .
Multiply both upper limits and subtract with
product of lower limits
1-x^2 =t gives -2xdx=dt
-1/4 ∫dt/t^4 = -4[ t^-3]*1/3.
correct option is (B)
Substitution: secx =t gives secxtanxdx =dt
Hint:
u = secx ; du = secxtanxdx ; Correct option is (B)
Similar type question comes in IIT JEE
Procedure:
t =x^2 +3x gives dt =(2x+3)dx
∫t^2 dt =t^3 /3 +c ;option © is correct
Constant can be adjusted
Prcedure:
t= x^3 +1 gives dt =3x^2 dx
1/3 ∫dt/t =1/3 log|t|+c =1/3log|x^3+1|+c
option© is correct
Indefinite integration using Substitution
t =g(x)
Difference between definite integrals and
indefinite integrals
Intermediate board exams , this example
comes
Integration involving partial fractions
Very important
model comes in
IITJEE MAINS and
advanced
Pick up any of the formulas
Summary of substitution method and
partial fractions for integration
• Rational functions can be solved using the partial fractions
approach. We break the integrand into partial fractions and
then integrate each fraction independently.
Electricity comes to our home by long procedure from wind energy to electricity usage at our
home. Therefore , it can be written as sum of limits: for usage and so integration can
incorporated .
Solving intermediate textbook gives 50%
preparation for IIT MAINS and advanced
• This model comes often in exams
I will tell you easy way than this.
This is for better understanding
Denominator is quadratic expression,
procedure goes as follows
Denominator =(quadratic)(linear)
Simplification if x, x^2 etc terms in
denominator
PROCEDURE -1 :Substitute x=2 , 3 , 4 etc.. To get A,B,C ; PROCEDURE -2 : Simple I will
Explain in class
Multiplication of two different quadratic
terms
Irreducible quadratic terms
Last example for clear understanding
Integration by parts , practice
problems
Integration by substitution , more problems
Answers for integration using substitution
Start with easy questions
Partial fractions – 6 or 7 models all together ; get accustomed to solving these
problems .slide number 27 refer again for better understanding.
This models come for final IIT JEE
ADVANCED EXAMS
35)-- ∫e^t/ [e^t+1][e^t+2] dt
Clearly e^t +1 =g gives
e^tdt =dg
∫dg/(g)(g+1) -easy to integrate
37)--- siny =t gives cosydy =dt
39 ,40 - by parts ; learn inverse
functions derivatives.
Innovation
ILATE -1st function
In syllabus , we only deal with first order and
first degree linear differential equations
Idea---
Step -1: Write it in standard from. P,Q (Function of x)=??
Can somebody tell the integration factor =?????
Derivatives of inverse
trigonometric functions
3 formula discussed many times
rd
• Hint: Take given definite integral as I. Apply any of below formula
SUMMARY
• We learned integration using substitution ,by
parts (uv rule ) , examples for integration using
partial fractions.
• y=x acts as a mirror between y = sinx and
y = sin^(-1)x
• Short intro on Inverse trigonometric identities
and its derivatives.
• Graphical approach will give more clarity for
problems.
