Safety and Security

Keith Shirlvin Nigli

Associate Professor, Housekeeping

1 Module 2 Safety and Security Keith Shirlvin Nigli - WGSHA

 Working safely
• Preventing injuries is the key objective of a safe workplace.
• Prevention is better than cure.
• Identifying risks is a key element of preventing possible dangers
and allows for proper planning for training and developing SOPs
(Standard Operating Procedures).

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 Slips, Trips and Falls
• Need to check which contributes to these:
• Personal issues – staff not following SOPs, Ignoring basic processes and
not paying attention.

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 Slips, Trips and Falls
• Need to check which contributes to these:
• Fooling around at workplace due to peer pressure or ignorance.

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 Slips, Trips and Falls
• Need to check which contributes to these:
• Neglecting safety precautions during work – Ignoring PPE (Personal and
Protective clothing), Ignoring Machinery SOPs, Incorrect work practices.

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 Slips, Trips and Falls
• Need to check which contributes to these:
• Drugs and alcohol

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 Slips, Trips and Falls
• Need to check which contributes to these:
• Wet, oily or greasy floors

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 Slips, Trips and Falls
• Need to check which contributes to these:
• Transition from one floor type to another.

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 Slips, Trips and Falls
• Need to check which contributes to these:
• Excessive speed

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 Slips, Trips and Falls
• Need to check which contributes to these:
• Design Issues – Uneven walking surfaces, Loose flooring, carpeting and
mats, missing or uneven floors, sloped walking surfaces, poor lighting,
Poor signage, Steep stairs, etc.
• Distractions from the job – loud music, fooling around etc.

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 Slips, Trips and Falls
• Prevention:
• Design and implement SOPs – How to deal with spills and corrects
signage.
• Train staff in correct skills
• Enforce strict rules in regards to SOPs and Signage
• Enforce strict procedures and compliance with PPE
• Enforce rules governing the use of drugs and alcohol
• Have a process to check staff mental and physical well being.
• Avoid creating obstacles in Aisles and walkways.
• Create and maintain proper lighting
• Create Good individual safety behavior.

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 Slips, Trips and Falls

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13 Module 2 Safety and Security Keith Shirlvin Nigli - WGSHA
 Employee theft
• The employees find that most items used in a hotel are useful in
the home as well, whether it is a towel, table napkin or a soap. A
hotel reduces pilferage by adopting the following theft
prevention:

• Institute, and ensure professional hiring practices.

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 Employee theft
• Establish positive identification techniques for employees.
• Supervisors should closely monitor behavior and adhere to
company policies and procedures during employee training and
probationary periods.
• Closely administer a program of key control
• Red tag program
• Have a regular locker inspections.
• Inventory control programs should be established
• Keep records of missing items of guests
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 Employee theft
Employee parking should not be adjacent to the building.
Enlist employees as part of the security team.
Set the example

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 POTENTIAL HAZARDS IN HOUSEKEEPING
• Due to the nature of the work performed by housekeeping staff, they
may be exposed to many dangerous and unsafe conditions, or
hazards, if they are not careful. To reduce safety risks, all employees
should be aware of potential safety hazards. These hazards may
include
• faulty equipment's
• cleaning agents left uncapped
• damaged floor or chipped tiles
• not following the instructions in the MSDS for the use of chemicals
• slippery floors and spills not mopped up
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 POTENTIAL HAZARDS IN HOUSEKEEPING
• handling corrosive cleaning agents with bare hands
• slippery guest bathrooms;
• handling corrosive cleaning agents without attention
• cracked or broken glass
• worn-out electrical insulation or fittings
• mixing certain chemical cleaners, causing undesirable/dangerous
reactions

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 POTENTIAL HAZARDS IN HOUSEKEEPING
• overloaded electrical sockets
• cleaning agents kept in unmarked or wrongly marked containers
• trailing equipment flexes
• worn carpets and rugs
• incorrect use of trolleys
• cleaning equipment left lying around
• incorrect methods of bending and lifting.
• unsatisfactory hygiene and sanitation standards
• unsafe use of ladders
• inadequate lighting.
• Incorrect Posture
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 Keys
• THE FUTURE OF KEYLESS ENTRY AT HOTELS
• Guest want one app that works across multiple hotels instead of nine
different apps for nine different hotels.

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Keys and Key Control
Various Keys
Keys Controlled by Used by Held by
Guest Room Keys Front Office Manager (FOM) Guest Front Office
Floor Keys Executive Housekeeper (EHK) Guest Room Desk
Attendant Control
Sub Master Keys EHK Floor Manager Desk
Control
Master Keys EHK EHK EHK
Grand Master General Manager & Chief GM & CSO GM & CSO
keys Security Officer
Emergency Keys GM/Director/Property Owner GM/Dir/PO GM/Dir/PO
Electronic Keys FOM Guest Front Office

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 Keys
Keys Its uses
Guest Room It ONLY Opens the corresponding guest room door lock .
Keys
Floor Keys It opens all the guest room door of one particular floor only.

Sub Master It Opens all the guest room door in a sequence of floors. Example = 1 key for 1, 2, 3 floors and 2 nd
key 4, 5, 6 and so on.
Keys
Master Keys It Opens all the guest room doors in the hotel. It cannot open a double locked room.

Grand Master It Opens all the guest room doors in the hotel as well as the rooms that are double locked
(deadbolt).
keys
Emergency It opens all the doors of the hotel.
Keys
Electronic Keys These are plastic keys or mobile used keys and does the action of all the above keys.

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 Desk
Control
Locks the
rack and
Housema
gives it to
n/Maid
the
secretary.

Key Control
Enters in
Places it
the key
in the key
control
rack
register

Enters in
the key
control
Use it
reg
(returned Returns
column) to the
Desk
control
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Key Control Register
This is one of the most important at housekeeping control desk. It is the part
of key security system to be followed by the housekeeping department. Each
employee who has taken the key have to sign this before taking the key and
also sign the register after the hand over of keys.
Key Control Register

S.No Date Key ID Floor Time of Issue Issued By Received by Purpose Signature Time of Returned Received Signature Remarks
No. Return by by
1 02/03/ Floor 1 7 am Bruce Robin To clean 5 pm Robin Bruce
2023 Key floors
2 02/03/ Floor 2 7 am Bruce Barry To clean 7 pm Barry Bruce Took extra
2023 key floors time to
clean

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 Manual Handling
• manual handling is activities like lifting, lowering, pushing, pulling
and carrying.
• Manual handling injuries make up approximately 10% of total
injuries occurring in Department workplaces

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 Manual Handling
• Few injuries due to wrong way of handling:
• Lifting of the load which is too heavy – Back injury or pain
• Poor posture/Poor lifting techniques during lifting – back injury
• Dropping the load – foot injury.
• Lifting hot loads – Hand injuries

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 Manual Handling
• Common injuries:
• Back injuries - where these pain can move down the leg.
• Trapped Nerve (Pinched nerve)
• Hernia
• Cuts, Bruising and Scrapes
• Fractures – due to dropping of load.

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 Manual Handling
• Symptoms:
• Back or neck pain
• Pain in wrist shoulders or arms
• Stabbing pains in arms or legs
• Painful joints
• Pain, tingling or numbness in hands or feet
• Burning sensations
• Stiffness
• Swelling
• If you start to experience any of these symptoms don’t ignore them!

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 Manual Handling
• Prevention Measures:
• Correct process of lifting,

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 Manual Handling
• Prevention Measures:
• Sharing the load
• Use trolley to shift heavy loads
• Enforce rules in regards to PPE
• Improve signage
• Train staff to lift things
• Used closed container while transferring stock pot or coffee urn etc.
• Clear away obstacles
• Communicate when lifting
• Size up the load – test the weight you are about to lift

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 Manual Handling
• Prevention Measures Cont…:
• Do not lift objects alone or if objects are too bulky/slippery
• Do not twist when you are carrying heavy loads
• Do not fool around while carrying heavy loads
• Use a step stool or ladder when reaching above you
• Always use two hands to lift things
• REMEMBER T.I.L.E.
• Task – how often, how much twisting or bending is needed?
• Individual – Capability, male or female, old or young, experienced or inexperienced
• Load – how heavy? Good grip? Bulky? Heavier at one end?
• Environment – Hot, Cold, Uneven floor, Windy, Stairs?

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 Manual Handling

ng
fti
Li
.T
.R
.A
S.M

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 Dangers Posed by Equipment and Stocked
Items
• Incorrect Storage
• Heavy items is stored on top shelf
• Liquid items stored above eye level
• Equipment may be hot
• Equipment's can have parts that ejects – draws, doors, liquid spill
over the top
• Equipment cords can get entangled
• Faulty equipment
• Inappropriate uses of equipment
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 Safe workplace
• Common designing issues:
• Badly designed layout – cramped space.
• Structural issues - Slippery floors, too many steep stairs, doors without a
peep hole, lack of windows etc
• Lack of or excessive heating, air conditioning insufficient or too cold, lack
of lighting.
• Lack of maintenance of building and equipment
• Housekeeping needs to be trained well

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 Safe workplace
• Features in the Kitchen
• It is the most dangerous work area.
• Learn the correct procedure
• Wear the correct protective clothing.
• Use the correct posture – prevent back problems later in life
• Know your chemicals
• Protect your eyes, nose and mouth
• Chef uniform is worn for personal protection
• The sleeves in case of splashes from hot stocks or sauces
• The buttons to allow the jacket t be quickly removed
• The apron protects your legs and keeps your uniform clean
• Non-slip shoes and sturdy enough to prevent a dropped knife.

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 Safe workplace
• Report any incidents
• Incidents if not reported can result to hazardous situations.
• Incidents needs to be investigated how it happened
• Follow up and review is part of the process.
• Reporting will avoid future incidents.
• Incase of emergency
• Move the causality to safe spot unless injury would not get worse
• Get assistance from experienced staff
• Contact emergency services
• Seek medical help
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 Employee Death
• Call an ambulance
• Call the local police
• Seal the area
• Report the death to Personnel, insurance agencies.
• Inform the next of kin.

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 In sickness

• Call for help immediately

• If required take him/her to the hospital.

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 Lost and Found

39
Lost and Found

• Importance of Lost and Found

• Lost and Found Procedure
• Lost and Found Register
 Lost and Found
• Importance of Lost and Found
• Sometimes, guests forget to take all of their belongings with them when
they check out of a hotel. When a room attendant finds left-behind items,
this can create a legal duty on the part of the hotel, as well as an
expectation from the guest.

41 Module no., Subject Code and Subject Name

 Lost and Found
Importance of Lost and Found
Is the item of value?
• Items such as yesterday’s newspaper, a half-uneaten pizza, a
disposable razor, empty toothpaste or toiletry containers, as well
as food and beverages left behind in a guestroom refrigerator, may
be considered abandoned property. Anything placed inside, on, or
next to a trash container may also be considered “abandoned,” and
creates no legal duty for the hotel to retain and safeguard.
• Feel free to dispose of these items.

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 Lost and Found
Importance of Lost and Found
Is the item of value?
• If the item has any apparent, real, or basic value or utility, then the
item must be treated as a “lost and found” item.
• Jewelry, money, electronics, and clothing will have worth and
usefulness, while items such as a child’s blanket or teddy bear may
have sentimental value.

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 Abandoned Disposed
Register
1
Off

Identificati
If call or
on & signed
Register/ show up
Wrap in off
Lost & Trace the
Non Plastic bag
Found guest if
Valuable2 & Tag &
Form possible Dispose/
Store
(Triplicate) If not Wait for given to Gate pass
collected one month finder/auct Issued
ioned
Lost and
Found Identificati
If call or
Register/ on & signed
Wrap in show up
Lost & Trace the off
Plastic bag
Valuable3 Found guest if
& Tag &
Form possible
Store If not Wait for 2 – Dispose/given to Gate Pass
(Triplicate)
collected 6 months finder/auctioned Issued

Identificati
If call or
Register/ on & signed
Wrap in show up
Lost & Trace the off
Plastic bag
Invaluable4 Found guest if Wait for a
& Tag &
Form possible year or
Locker If not
(Triplicate) according Dispose
collected
to hotel
policy

44 Module no., Subject Code and Subject Name

 LOST-AND-FOUND PROCEDURE
• Every hotel should establish a policy and train its employees on
how to handle “lost and found” items.
• There should be one dedicated location to receive lost and found
items whether it is found in guestrooms, meeting rooms, public
area or restaurants.
• Maintain a log that specifies the item’s description, where and
when it was found, and who found it.
• All items regardless whether it is valuable, non valuable items and
perishable items must be recorded on the Lost and found register.

45 Module no., Subject Code and Subject Name

 LOST-AND-FOUND PROCEDURE
• After receiving of lost and found articles from the guest rooms, the desk control
supervisor files all the details in lost and found register.
• The control desk supervisor should prepare the lost and found form in triplicate,
where he should write the details of the articles, like date time location of the article
found description of the article finders name, receivers name signature and room no.
• Items should be put in a plastic bag noting the serial number from the register, place
found, date, name of the person found the item etc., this is to prevent mix up and
incorrect return.
• The article and the original copy of the form is stored in plastic bag and kept in lost
and found cupboard
• Duplicate copy is send to the front office to obtain the data of the guest.
• Triplicate copy is retained in lost and found book

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 LOST-AND-FOUND PROCEDURE
• The Executive- House-keeper obtains the forwarding address of
the guest from the front office who have the information in the
registration card. If the guest name is not known the housekeeping
department has to wait for the guest claim.
• If any inquiry about the article the control desk supervisor cross
check with the register
• If the articles has to be mailed to the forwarding address the
articles should be send under the register post with the charges
made known to the guest and claims the amount on cash on
delivery, or the hotel pays as a good will gesture.

47 Module no., Subject Code and Subject Name

 LOST-AND-FOUND PROCEDURE

• Valuable items like Jewelry, mobile, wallets, laptops, ipads etc.

must be stored in a locker or highly restricted access.
• Each item must be retained until it is claimed by the appropriate
owner. Rules vary from hotel to hotel.
• If the guest does not claims the articles in spite of reminders the
article is placed for a specific period of time as prescribed by the
management , after that period the article is gifted to the finder .
• In such situation the housekeeping will issue gate pass to the
employee for the security, and take the article out of the hotel.
48 Module no., Subject Code and Subject Name
 LOST-AND-FOUND PROCEDURE
• If the Property management system has Auto trace functionality
then put a trace on the guest profile stating the there is a lost item
held with the housekeeping department.
• Send Email to the guest to notify the guest about the lost item ( as
per the hotel policy )
• When guest calls up the hotel to ask about the lost item, only the
person who maintains the lost and found register should revert to
the call.

49 Module no., Subject Code and Subject Name

 LOST-AND-FOUND PROCEDURE
sometimes guests will leave items simply because they no longer
want them. Since they’re staying for a longer period of time like
large water toys for their vacation and then abandon them. These
too are held for some time. The best thing to do is inform all guest
that it will be donated to charity or let the guest donate it. That will
fix the problem.

50 Module no., Subject Code and Subject Name

 LOST-AND-FOUND ENQUIRIES
• The control desk supervisor must check lost-and-found log book to see whether such an
item is recorded.
• If found recorded record in the log, the article is taken out of the cupboard and the guest
is informed that he or she may came to claim the article.
• He or she may asked to sign the lost-and-found log book, giving name, address, and
telephone number.
• The data and time are also recorded and the article is then handed to the guest.
• When a lost article has been positively identified by an enquirer no longer at the hotel
and it is to be mailed to the enquirer
• The article is packaged for mailing by a member of the housekeeping staff assigned the
task.
• The person taking the package for mailing signs the lost-and-found log book, assuming
temporary custody of the article.
51 Module no., Subject Code and Subject Name
 DISPOSAL OF ARTICLES NOT CLAIMED
Lost-and-found articles may be stored for 3-6 month by a hotel
depends on the hotel policies.
It will be offered to the finder as his or her personal property if this
article has not been claimed by its rightful owner.
If the finder desires the article, he or she will be issued a gate pass
by the housekeeping department with the signature of the Executive
Housekeeper and General Manager, authorizing the removal of the
article from the hotel.

52 Module no., Subject Code and Subject Name

 Lost and Found Register

53 Module no., Subject Code and Subject Name

 Categories of Lost and Found
• Non Valuable Items (10 – 499) – 1 month
• Valuable Items (500 – 9,999) – 2 – 6 months
• Invaluable items (10,000 and above) - One year (example ID
gadgets such as mobiles and so on)
• Perishable – (One day)
• Currency – Finance department
• Alcohol – F & B controls
• Hazardous Article & Substance – Inform security department

54 Module no., Subject Code and Subject Name

 Forms and Registers
LOST AND FOUND
Valuable/Non Valuable
No:____
Finers name____ Date:______
Location/Room #:_________ Time________
Description or the Particle:________________________________________________________________
Name of the Guest :_____________
Address:_________
Signature of Depositor:
Signature of Receiver:
Received by Owner
Name:
Address:
Telephone#:
Date:__________ Signature:____________
Dispatched by post, Postal/Courier receipt #:__________
Name Address:_________; Date:__________ Signature:__________

55 Module no., Subject Code and Subject Name

 FIRE

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 Fire and Explosions
• Can be caused by:
• Electrical faults
• Gas leak
• Smoking at the premises
• Equipment's and tools

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 • Life Safety
• The primary goal of fire safety efforts is to protect
building occupants from injury and to prevent loss of
life.
• The secondary goal of fire safety is to prevent property
damage. ction of Operations
• By preventing fires and limiting damage we can assure
that work operations will continue.

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 The Fire Triangle

Fire Safety, at its most basic, is based upon the principle of

keeping fuel sources and ignition sources separate.

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 If all three are not present in
sufficient quantities a fire will not
ignite or a fire will not be able to
sustain combustion

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 The Fire Triangle
• Three things must be present at the same time to produce fire:
1. Enough OXYGEN to sustain combustion
2. Enough HEAT to reach ignition temperature
3. Some FUEL or combustible material
Together, they produce the CHEMICAL REACTION that is fire
Take away any of these things and the fire will be extinguished

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 Classifications of Fire
• Fires are classified according to the type of fuel that is burning.
• If you use the wrong type of fire extinguisher on the wrong class of
fire, you might make matters worse.
• Its very important to understand the four different fire
Classifications

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 Classifications of Fire
• Class A or Ordinary Combustibles

• This includes fuels such as wood, paper, plastic, rubber, and

cloth.

Green Triangle

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 Classifications of Fire
• Class B or Flammable and Combustible Liquids and Gases

• This includes all hydrocarbon and alcohol based liquids and

gases that will support combustion.

Red Square

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 Classifications of Fire
• Class C or Electrical
• This includes all fires involving energized electrical
equipment.

Blue Circle

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 Classifications of Fire
• Class D or Combustible Metals
• Examples of these types of metals are: zirconium,
titanium, potassium, and magnesium.

D
Yellow
Star

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 Classifications of Fire
• Class A: Wood, paper, cloth, trash, plastics—solids that
are not metals.
• Class B: Flammable liquids—gasoline, oil, grease,
acetone. Includes flammable gases.
• Class C: Electrical—energized electrical equipment.
As long as it’s “plugged in.”
• Class D: Metals—potassium, sodium, aluminum,
magnesium. Requires Metal-X, foam, and other
special extinguishing agents.
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 Extinguishers

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 Fire Extinguishers
• Most fire extinguishers will have a pictograph label
telling you which types of fire the extinguisher is
designed to fight.
• For example, a simple water extinguisher might have
a label like this…

• …which means it should only be used on Class A fires.

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 Fire Extinguishers
• Different types of fire extinguishers are designed to
fight different classes of fire.
• The 3 most common types of fire extinguishers are:
• Water (APW - Air-Pressurized Water)
• Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
• Dry Chemical (ABC, BC, DC)

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 Fire Extinguishers
• 1. Water (APW) Fire Extinguishers
• Large silver fire extinguishers that stand about 2 feet tall
and weigh about 11 kgs when full.
• APW stands for “Air-Pressurized Water.”
• Filled with ordinary tap water and pressurized air, they are
essentially large squirt guns.

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 Fire Extinguishers
• 1. Water (APW) Fire Extinguishers
• APW’s extinguish fire by taking away the “heat” element of
the Fire Triangle.

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 Fire Extinguishers
• 1. Water (APW) Fire Extinguishers
• APW’s are designed for Class A fires only:
Wood, paper, cloth.
Using water on a flammable liquid fire could cause the fire to
spread.
Using water on an electrical fire increases the risk of electrocution.
If you have no choice but to use an APW on an electrical fire, make
sure the electrical equipment is un-plugged or de-energized.

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 Fire Extinguishers
• 1. Water (APW) Fire Extinguishers
• APWs will be found in older buildings, particularly in
public hallways, as well as in Residence Halls
They will also be found in computer laboratories. It is
important to remember, however, that computer equipment
must be disconnected from its electrical source before using
a water extinguisher on it.

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 Fire Extinguishers
• 2. Carbon Dioxide Fire Extinguishers
The pressure in a CO2 extinguisher is so great, bits of dry ice
may shoot out of the horn!
CO2 cylinders are red. They range in size from 2 kg to 45 kgs
or larger. On larger sizes, the horn will be at the end of a
long, flexible hose

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 Fire Extinguishers
• 2. Carbon Dioxide Fire Extinguishers
• CO2’s are designed for Class B and C (Flammable Liquids
and Electrical Sources) fires only!
• CO2s will frequently be found in laboratories, mechanical
rooms, kitchens, and flammable liquid storage areas.

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 Fire Extinguishers
• 2. Carbon Dioxide Fire Extinguishers
• Carbon dioxide is a non-flammable gas that takes away the
oxygen element of the fire triangle. Without oxygen, there
is no fire.
• CO2 is very cold as it comes out of the extinguisher, so it
cools the fuel as well.

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 Fire Extinguishers
• 2. Carbon Dioxide Fire Extinguishers
• Class A materials may also smolder and re-ignite.

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 Fire Extinguishers
• 3. Dry Chemical (ABC) Fire Extinguishers
• Dry chemical extinguishers put out fire by coating the fuel
with a thin layer of dust. This separates the fuel from the
oxygen in the air.
• The powder also works to interrupt the chemical reaction
of fire. These extinguishers are very effective at putting out
fire.

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 Fire Extinguishers
• 3. Dry Chemical (ABC) Fire Extinguishers
• ABC extinguishers are red. They range in size from 2 kg to
40 kgs.
• Dry chemical extinguishers come in a variety of types…
• You may see them labeled:
• DC (for “Dry Chemical”)
• ABC (can be used on Class A, B, or C fires)
• BC (designed for use on Class B and C fires)

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 Fire Extinguishers
• 3. Dry Chemical (ABC) Fire Extinguishers
• It is extremely important to identify which types of dry
chemical extinguishers are located in your area!
• An “ABC” extinguisher will have a label like this, indicating
it may be used on Class A, B and C fires.
• You don’t want to mistakenly use a “BC” extinguisher on a
Class A fire thinking that it was an “ABC” extinguisher.

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 Fire Extinguishers
• 3. Dry Chemical (ABC) Fire Extinguishers
• Dry chemical extinguishers with powder designed for Class
B and C fires (“BC” extinguishers) may be located in places
such as commercial kitchens and areas with flammable
liquids.
• You will find ABC’s in corridors of the hotel, in
laboratories, gym or games rooms, offices, chemical
storage areas, maintenance rooms, etc.

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 How to Use a Fire Extinguisher
It’s easy to remember how to use a fire extinguisher if you
remember the acronym PASS:
Pull
Aim
Squeeze
Sweep

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 How to Use a Fire Extinguisher
Pull the pin…
This will allow you to discharge the extinguisher

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 How to Use a Fire Extinguisher
Aim at the base of the fire…
Hit the fuel.
If you aim at the flames...
… the extinguishing agent will fly right through and do no good.

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 How to Use a Fire Extinguisher
Squeeze the top handle…
This depresses a button that releases the pressurized
extinguishing agent.

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 How to Use a Fire Extinguisher
Sweep from side to side…
until the fire is completely out.
Start using the extinguisher from a safe distance away, then
slowly move forward.
Once the fire is out, keep an eye on the area in case it re-ignites.

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 Rules for Fighting Fires
Fires can be very dangerous and you should always be certain that
you will not endanger yourself or others when attempting to put out
a fire.
For this reason, when a fire is discovered…
Assist any person in immediate danger to safety, if it can be
accomplished without risk to yourself.

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 Rules for Fighting Fires
Call EMERGENCY or activate the building fire alarm. The fire
alarm will notify the fire department and other building
occupants and shut off the air handling system to prevent the
spread of smoke.
If the fire is small (and Only after having done these 2 things), you
may attempt to use an extinguisher to put it out.
However . . . .

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 Rules for Fighting Fires
. . . before deciding to fight the fire, keep these things in mind:
Know what is burning. If you don’t know what’s burning, you
won’t know what kind of extinguisher to use.
Even if you have an ABC fire extinguisher, there may be
something in the fire that is going to explode or produce toxic
fumes.

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 Rules for Fighting Fires
Is the fire spreading rapidly beyond the point where it started?
The time to use an extinguisher is at the beginning stages of the
fire.
If the fire is already spreading quickly, it is best to simply
evacuate the building.
Chances are you will know what’s burning, or at least have a
pretty good idea, but if you don’t, let the fire department
handle it.

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 Rules for Fighting Fires
As you evacuate a building, close doors and windows behind
you as you leave. This will help to slow the spread of smoke
and fire.

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 Rules for Fighting Fires

Do not fight the fire if:

You don’t have adequate or appropriate equipment. If you don’t
have the correct type or large enough extinguisher, it is best not
to try fighting the fire.
You might inhale toxic smoke. When synthetic materials such as
the nylon in carpeting or foam padding in a sofa burn, they can
produce hydrogen cyanide, acrolein, and ammonia in addition to
carbon monoxide. These gases can be fatal in very small
amounts.
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 Rules for Fighting Fires
Do not fight the fire if:
Your instincts tell you not to. If you are uncomfortable with the
situation for any reason, just let the fire department do their job.
The final rule is to always position yourself with an exit or means of
escape at your back before you attempt to use an extinguisher to put
out a fire.
In case the extinguisher malfunctions, or something unexpected
happens, you need to be able to get out quickly. You don’t want to
become trapped.
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 FIRE HYDRANT PUMPS
JOCKEY, DIESEL & ELECTRICAL
DRIVEN PUMPS

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 Fire hose reels
• Fire hose reels are located to provide a reasonably accessible and
controlled supply of water to combat a potential fire risk. They are
ideal for large high risk environments such as schools, hotels,
factories etc.
• It comes in various sizes and lengths
• Annual servicing ensures hose reel work first time, every time and
prevents potentially damaging leaks.
• Hose Reel Use
Hose Reels can be used for woods, textiles, furniture, plastics etc.
They must not be used on electrical fires and/or flammable liquids.

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 Fire hose reels

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 Fire Reel hose Cabinet
• The Fire Reel hose Cabinet is a steel box placed in public areas and
buildings, used to store the required fire equipment. It is designed
to protect the fire hose rack assembly, fire extinguisher, and fire
hose reel against theft and rubbish. With high-quality steel, easy
installation, and small occupation, the fire hose cabinet is a must
in any building or corporation.

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 VARIOUS TYPES OF SPRINKLERS
UPRIGHT TYPE 79 DEG C PENDANT TYPE 141 DEG C
QR UPRIGHT TYPE 68
DEG C

SR PENDAND TYPE 68 DEG C

UPRIGHT TYPE 182 DEG C

SIDEWALLTYPE 68 DEG C PENDANT TYPE 93 DEG C

SPRINKLERS DETECTS & SUPRESS THE FIRE AUTOMATICALLY

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 Sprinkler

Most systems are designed to eject water only where

a particular sprinkler head heats to fire-level
temperature.
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 Sprinkler
Remember:
• Pulling or breaking a fire alarm does not activate the sprinkler
• All sprinkler DO NOT activate simultaneously
• Hand held lighter will not activate sprinkler, It needs more heat.
• Smoke alone CANNOT activate the fire sprinklers
• There is no switch that can be access a Sprinkler

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 FIRE ALARM ACTIVATING DEVICES OF CONVENTIONAL FIRE
PANEL

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 FIRE ALARM ACTIVATING DEVICES OF CONVENTIONAL FIRE
PANEL
• Reasons to install an alarm system
• Saving lives
• Reducing property losses: The sooner you discover a
breaking fire, the less damage will occur to the building. When
a fire starts, the response will be able to contact the fire
department immediately, minimizing the possible losses.
• Shortening the recovery time: The early fire discovery
minimizes the property damages, which shortens the recovery
time. So, you can re-open your business in a much shorter time.

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 Manual Call Point

• Manual Call Point = MCP is a plastic square box that exists in every
building. It is an activation device that can trigger a fire alarm
system manually, sending sirens as an alert of fire presence. The
MCP must be clearly visible in the building at a reachable height
level. There must be a manual call point every 30 meters to reach
easily in the time of an emergency. Once it is activated, the sirens
break out, giving people the chance to leave the building until the
firefighters arrive.

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 Conventional Heat Detector

• A conventional Heat Detector is a powerful fire protection device

that operates quickly when sensing a rapid temperature increase.
In case of an emergency, the heat detector sends a signal to the
Control Panel, allowing a safe evacuation until the fire department
operates. It detects currents of heated air, combustion products,
and radiation effect.

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 Conventional Smoke Detector

• Smoke Detector is the fastest and most reliable way to detect fires,
sensing the smoke and operating immediately. It detects smoke
presence within the first minutes, which helps in controlling fire
before it drastically spreads. Another advantage; it detects low-
energy fires that emit a small amount of heat more than any other
fire detectors.

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 Horn and Strobe

• The Horn and Strobe device is a sound & light device that indicates
fire presence through both sirens and beaming lights. This device
is designed to be a part of reliable emergency evacuation and fire
alerting systems in hotels, hospitals, and public facilities. The Horn
sends a high-pitched sound for a quick evacuation while the Strobe
flashes lights for those with hearing impairment. The beaming
lights can also act as guidance for the residents through the smoke
during a safe evacuation.

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 Beam Detector

• A Beam Detector is a device that operates by detecting smoke

using a projected light beam. The optical beam detector doesn’t
work until the smoke reaches the device mounted to the ceiling.
The detector is attached to an alarm system. Once the device
senses an interruption in the light beams, the alarm goes off. The
beam detector is installed in places with high ceilings such as
movie theaters, basketball courts, and more.

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 What’s A Fire Door?
• Fire doors are designed to withstand fire, heat
and smoke for a period of 20-minutes to 3
hours.
• Did you know that corridor office doors are
fire doors and should have a 20 minute rating?
• Corridor laboratory doors should have a 60
minute rating.
• Fire Doors are required to:
• Be Self Closing: fire doors should have a door
closure that pulls doors completely shut after the
door has been opened
• Have Positive latching: a positive latch locks a door
in place so can open swing open freely.
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 FIRST AID

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 Aims of FIRST AID
The 3 main aims of first aid, commonly referred to as the “3 Ps” are:
• Preserve life
• Prevent further injury
• Promote recovery
• In addition, some trainers may also advocate a 4th ‘P’ - Protect
yourself, although this is not technically an ‘aim’ of providing first
aid, and some people would consider that it is adequately covered
by ‘Prevent further injury’ as this is to the casualty, yourself or
others

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 Principles First-aid
• Responding immediately to the situation. A faster response can
lead to better recovery outcomes and may save someone’s life.
• Calming the situation down and reassuring the injured person as
well as any bystanders.
• Communicating with bystanders and asking for their assistance if
necessary.
• Calling 108 for ambulance services if appropriate – or asking a
bystander to make the call.

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 Principles First-aid
• Danger – check for danger
• Response – check if the person is conscious and breathing
• Call for help **
• Airways – place in recovery position, check for airway obstruction and
remove
• Breathing – look and listen for signs of breathing
• Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) – if the breathing is not normal,
start chest compressions and mouth breaths (if you have learnt)
• Defibrillation – use an automated external defibrillator (AED) if available
• Applying the correct treatment.
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 Call for help **
• There are 3 important things to remember when calling for help:
1. State which emergency service you want, eg. Ambulance, Coastguard,
Rescue, Fire, or Police.
2. Stay on the line until connected with the emergency service operator as
they will need to talk to you before sending assistance.
3. Give as much information as you can about the emergency, including:
• exact address or location
• any landmarks
• distance from town or landmark
• caller’s name
• phone number from where the call is being made
• what happened – eg. car accident
• number and condition of the casualties
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115 Module 2 Safety and Security Keith Shirlvin Nigli - WGSHA
 Shock
• Shock affects all major functions of the body
• loss of blood flow to the tissues and organs
• Shock must be treated in all accident cases
• Causes
• Severe Bleeding
• Heart Problems
• Losing Body fluids
• Severe Allergic reaction or infections
• Spinal Injury

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 Shock
• Symptoms
• Fast pulse
• Pale, Cold or Clammy Skin
• Sweating
• Fast Shallow Breathing
• Grey Blue skin inside the lips
• Weakness and Dizziness
• Nausea
• Thirst
• Weak Pulse
• Restless behaviour

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 Shock
• First Aid for Shock
• Lie victim down if possible
• Face is pale-raise the tail (Legs)
• Face is red-raise the head
• If the person is pregnant make them lie on the left side.
• Loosen tight clothing
• Keep victim warm and dry
• Do not give anything by mouth
• No stimulants

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 Drowning
• If you know swimming – and its shallow water – Remember your safety is
the first and primary concern.
• Place them in the recovery position
• Get a blanket on them
• If not breathing
• Call for help – if someone is there
• Go call for help – if no one is there – this is called the call fast approach.
• Open air way and check for breathing – 10 sec
• If cannot detect breathing deliver five rescue breathes first then 30 compressions
and two breaths for one minute
• Check these videos please
https://youtube.com/watch?v=Xu9WTPOCxwU&si=EnSIkaIECMiOmarE
• https://youtube.com/watch?v=kOmTn7QMUmI&si=EnSIkaIECMiOmarE
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 HEART ATTACK
• A heart attack is a medical emergency.
Causes
• A heart attack occurs when the blood flow that carries oxygen to
the heart is blocked. The heart muscle becomes starved for oxygen
and begins to die.
Symptoms
• Heart attacks can cause a wide range of symptoms, from mild to
intense. Women, the elderly, and persons with diabetes are more
likely to have subtle or atypical symptoms.

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 HEART ATTACK
Symptoms in adults may include:
• Chest pain
• Usually in the center of chest
• Lasts for a more than a few minutes or comes and goes
• May feel like pressure, squeezing, fullness
• Pain may be felt in other areas of the upper body, such as the
jaw, shoulder, one or both arms, back, and stomach area

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 HEART ATTACK
• Shortness of breath
• Cold sweat
• Nausea
• Lightheadedness
• Women are more likely than men to have symptoms of
nausea, vomiting, back or jaw pain, and shortness of breath
with chest pain.
• Babies and children may appear limp and unresponsive and
may have bluish-colored skin.

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 HEART ATTACK
• First Aid
• Have the person sit down, rest, and try to keep calm.
• Loosen any tight clothing.
• Ask if the person takes any chest pain medication for a known
heart condition.
• Help the person take the medication (usually nitroglycerin,
which is placed under the tongue).
• Ask the person to cough for a few times.

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 HEART ATTACK
• First Aid
• If the pain does not go away promptly with rest or within 3
minutes of taking nitroglycerin, call for emergency medical
help.
• If the person is unconscious and unresponsive, your local
emergency number, then begin CPR (cardiopulmonary
resuscitation).
• If an infant or child is unconscious and unresponsive, perform
1 minute of CPR, then call emergency.

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 HEART ATTACK
• First Aid
DO NOT
• DO NOT leave the person alone except to call for help, if
necessary.
• DO NOT allow the person to deny the symptoms and convince
you not to call for emergency help.
• DO NOT wait to see if the symptoms go away.
• DO NOT give the person anything by mouth unless a heart
medication (such as nitroglycerin) has been prescribed.

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 HEART ATTACK
• Prevention
• If you smoke, Quit.
• Keep blood pressure, cholesterol, and diabetes in good control
and follow with your doctor's orders.
• Lose weight if obese or overweight. Get regular exercise to
improve heart health. (Talk to your doctor before starting any
new fitness program.)
• Limit the amount of alcohol you drink.

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 Smashed; Crushed digits
Considerations
• If an injury to a finger occurs at the tip and does not involve a joint, the help of a doctor may not be
needed. Even if the bone is broken, a splint may not necessarily be recommended by the doctor.
Causes
• Finger(s) can be smashed by a hammer blow, a car door, a desk drawer, or some other force.
Symptoms
• Finger pain
• Swelling
• Loss of fingernail
• Discoloration or bruising of the finger or fingernail
• First Aid
• Apply an ice pack to decrease the swelling.
• Over-the-counter pain medications may help relieve discomfort.
• If still does not subside, VISIT A DOCTOR

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 Seizures
• Stay calm. You’re probably more scared than the person having the seizure;
they’re unconscious (for shaking seizures, know as generalized tonic-clonic
seizures, as well as many others).
• Prevent injury. Make sure the person isn’t going to hit a piece of furniture
with their body, knock over a glass and get cut, or grab a cord and pull an
object onto themselves, etc.
• Pay attention to the length of the seizure.
• Make the person as comfortable as possible.
• Keep onlookers away.

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 Seizures
• Do not hold the person down. You don’t need to restrain them.
• Do not put anything in the person’s mouth. There’s a big misconception
that you should stick a spoon or something into a person’s mouth. They’re not
going to swallow their tongue, but they may bite it.
• Do not give the person water, pills, or food until fully alert.
• If the seizure continues for longer than five minutes, call Ambulance
• Be sensitive and supportive, and ask others to do the same.
• The person may soil themselves with urine or stool, this is normal.
• The person may bite their tongue or cheek, so they may have a little bloody
saliva coming out of their mouths. This can look very scary, but is probably
normal.

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 Seizures

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 Seizures
• After the seizure, the person should be placed on his/her left side, in the
recovery position. There’s a small risk of post-seizure vomiting, before the
person is fully alert. The left side is better than the right because the left side
has a sharper angle of the lungs, so there’s probably a slightly smaller risk of
vomit going into the lungs. Therefore, the person’s head should be turned so
that any vomit will drain out of the mouth without being inhaled. After the
seizure, the person enters the postictal state, which is just medical lingo for
post-seizure. People can be very sleepy or confused at this time, so stay with
the person until he/she recovers (5 to 20 minutes)

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 FAINTING
Fainting is caused by a temporary loss of the brain’s blood supply.
Causes:
Fainting has many different causes
• Environmental factors - Most commonly in a hot, crowded setting
• Emotional factors - Stress or the sight or threat of injury
• Physical factors - Standing too long with locked knees
• Illness - Fatigue, hypoglycemia (low blood sugar), dehydration, or other current illness
Fainting Symptoms
• Before fainting, you may feel light-headed and shaky and experience blurred vision.
• You may "see spots in front of your eyes."
• During this time, observers note paleness, dilated pupils, and sweating.
• While unconscious, you may have low pulse rate (less than 60 beats/minute).

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 Bleeding
• Wear Gloves
• Remove/cut clothing around the wound
• Don’t pull out anything from the wound (it can be a plug for more
bleeding)
• Apply pressure on either side of the object to push the edges together.
• If there is no object then apply direct pressure on the wound with your
fingers and use a sterile dressing or a clean cloth.
• Call for help – 112 or Ambulance 108
• If you don’t have sterile dressing or clean cloth ask the victim to apply
pressure with their hands to stop the bleeding.
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 Bleeding
• Help them lie down
• Raise their legs/limb above the heart
• Secure the wound with a bandage but remember there should be
circulation – check circulation every 10 mins.
• For circulation – press fingers and release the pressure. If the colour does
not return within two seconds, the bandage is too tight.
• Keep monitoring the person until help arrives.

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 Nose Bleeding
• Control the nose bleed and keep the airway open
• Make them sit – don’t make them lie
• Keep the nose above the heart
• Ask them to lean forward – helps blood drain out
• Ask the person to bleed with their mouth.
• Pinch the soft part of the nose
• After 10 mins check and then if not stopped apply pressure
• If necessary call ambulance

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 FAINTING
First Aid
• If possible, help the person who has fainted to the ground to minimize
injury.
• Stimulate the person vigorously (yelling, briskly tapping). Call
emergency immediately if the person does not respond.
• Check for the pulse in the neck and begin CPR, if needed.
• After the person recovers, encourage him or her to lie down until
medical help arrives. Even if you believe the cause of the fainting is
harmless, have the person lie down for 15-20 minutes before
attempting to get up again.
• Ask about any persistent symptoms, such as headache, back pain, chest
pain, shortness of breath, abdominal pain, weakness, or loss of function,
136
because these may indicate a life-threatening cause of the fainting
Module 2 Safety and Security Keith Shirlvin Nigli - WGSHA
 Burns
• Chemical burns can occur in the home, or at work, and as a result of accident
or assault. Although few people die after contact with chemicals.
• Many chemical burns occur accidentally through misuse of products. Risk of
sustaining a chemical burn is much greater in Housekeeping and Engineering
dept that use chemicals for cleaning.
• Bleach
• Concrete mix
• Drain or toilet bowl cleaners
• Metal cleaners
• Pool chlorinators

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 Burns
First Aid
• Remove yourself or the victim from the accident area.
• Remove any contaminated clothing.
• Wash the injured area to dilute or remove the substance, using large volumes
of water. Wash for at least 20 minutes, taking care not to allow runoff to
contact unaffected parts of your body. Gently brush away any solid materials,
again avoiding unaffected body surfaces.
• Especially wash away any chemical in your eye. Sometimes the best way to
get large amounts of water to your eye is to step into the shower.

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 Burns
Electric Shock Overview
• An electric shock occurs when a person comes into contact with an
electrical energy source. Electrical energy flows through a portion of
the body causing a shock. Exposure to electrical energy may result
in no injury at all or may result in devastating damage or death.
• Source:
• Power lines
• Electrical equipment's
• Electrical outlets
• Burns are the most common injury from electric shock.

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 Burns
Electric Shock Overview
• Symptoms:
• loss of consciousness
• muscle spasms
• numbness or tingling
• breathing problems
• headache
• problems with vision or hearing
• Burns – to the skin (external); to internal organs
• seizures
• irregular heartbeat – can stop too
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 Burns
Electric Shock Overview
First Aid:
• Don’t touch someone who has been shocked if they’re still in contact with the
source of electricity.
• Don’t move someone who has been shocked, unless they’re in danger of further
shock. (with a bad conductor)
• Turn off the flow of electricity if possible. If you can’t, move the source of
electricity away from the person using a non-conducting object. Wood and
rubber are both good options. Just make sure you don’t use anything that’s wet
or metal based.
• Stay at least 20 feet away if they’ve been shocked by high-voltage power lines
that are still on.
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 Burns
Electric Shock Overview
First Aid:
• Call local emergency services if the person was struck by lightning or if they came into
contact with high-voltage electricity, such as power lines.
• Call local emergency services if the person has trouble breathing, loses consciousness, has
seizures, has muscle pain or numbness, or is feeling symptoms of a heart issue, including a
fast heartbeat.
• Check the person’s breathing and pulse. If necessary, start CPR until emergency help arrives.
• If the person is showing signs of shock, such as vomiting or becoming faint or very pale,
elevate their legs and feet slightly, unless this causes too much pain.
• Cover burns with sterile gauze if you can. Don’t use Band-Aids or anything else that might
stick to the burn.
• Keep the person warm.

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 Choking – Mild
Recognition
• Cannot Breathe
• Cannot Speak
• Cannot Cough
• May Clutch Throat

• Perform - Abdominal Thrust (Heimlich Maneuver) or Chest Thrust

(Obese or pregnant).

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 Chocking - Abdominal Thrust (Heimlich
Maneuver)
• Ask the person “Are you choking?”
• If the person nods his head, stand behind the casualty.
• Position one leg between the persons legs.
• Wrap your arms around the person’s waist and make a fist with one
hand.
• Place the thumb side of your fist against the persons abdomen, at the
midline, 2 fingers above the navel.
• Lean the person slightly forward and grasp the fist with the other
hand.
• Apply 5 successive inward, upward thrusts into the person’s
abdomen.
• Check if foreign body is expelled.
• Repeat until the foreign body is expelled or when the casualty
becomes unconscious.

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 Choking - Chest Thrust (For obese or
pregnant victim)
• Stand behind the person.
• Position one leg between the person’s legs.
• Place the arms under the person’s armpits to encircle the
chest.
• Place the thumb-side of the fist on the middle of the
person’s breastbone.
• Grasp the fist with the other hand and give 5 quick
successive inward thrusts.
• Check if foreign body is expelled.
• Repeat until the foreign body is expelled or the person
becomes unconscious.

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 Asthma Attack
• Symptoms
• Difficulty in breathing or speaking
• Wheezing
• Coughing
• Distressed and anxious
• Grey – blue tinge to lips, earlobes and nailbeds.
• First Aid
• Be calm
• Advice to use a inhaler if they have one
• Ask them to breathe slowly and deeply
• Sit them down in a comfortable position
• If not getting better – call emergency – 112 or 108 (ambulance)
• Help them to use the inhaler continuously every 10 minits
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Heat Emergency
• There are three types of heat emergencies you may be required to
treat.
• Heat Exhaustion
• Heat Stroke
• Heat Cramps
Heat Emergency
• Heat exhaustion is less dangerous than heat stroke.
• It is caused by fluid loss which in turn causes blood flow to decrease
in vital organs, resulting in a form of shock.
• Signs and Symptoms
• Cool, Pale, and Moist Skin
• Headache
• Dilated Pupils
• Heavy Sweating
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Body temperature will be near normal.
Heat Emergency
• First Aid
• Get the victim out of the heat and into a cool place.
• Place in the shock position, lying on the back with feet raised.
• Remove or loosen clothing.
• Cool by fanning or applying cold packs or wet towels or sheets. If
conscious, give water to drink every 15 minutes.
• IMPORTANT:
• While heat exhaustion is not a life- threatening emergency like heat
stroke, it can progress to heat stroke if left untreated!
Heat Emergency
• Heat cramps are muscular pain and spasms due to heavy exertion.
They usually involve the abdominal muscles or legs. It is generally
thought this condition is caused by loss of water and salt through
sweating.
• First Aid
• Get victim to a cool place.
• If they can tolerate it, give one-half glass of water every 15 minutes.
• Heat cramps can usually be avoided by increasing fluid intake when active
in hot weather.
Heat Emergency
• Heat Stroke is the most serious type of heat emergency.
• It is LIFE-THREATENING and requires
• IMMEDIATE and
• AGGRESSIVE treatment!
• Heat stroke occurs when the body's heat regulating mechanism
fails. The body temperature rises so high that brain damage --and
death-- may result unless the body is cooled quickly.
Heat Emergency
• Signs and Symptoms
• The victim's skin is HOT, RED and usually DRY.
• Pupils are very small.
• The body temperature is VERY HIGH,
• sometimes as high as 105 degrees.
• First Aid
• Remember, Heat Stroke is a life-threatening emergency and requires
prompt action!
• Summon professional help.
• Get the victim into a cool place.
Heat Emergency
• COOL THE VICTIM AS QUICKLY AS POSSIBLE IN ANY MANNER
POSSIBLE!
• Place the victim into a bathtub of cool water, wrap in wet sheets,
place in an air conditioned room.
 What not to do as a first Aider
• There are many misconceptions surrounding first aid, some of which can
cause serious harm.
• Few first aid misconceptions
1. You should put butter or cream on a burn. The only thing you should put
on a burn is cold water - keep the butter for cooking.
2. If you can't move a limb, it must be broken/If you can move a limb, it
can't be broken. The only accurate way to diagnose a broken limb is to x-ray
it.
3. The best way to treat bleeding is to put the wound under a tap. If you
put a bleeding wound under a tap you wash away the body's clotting agents
and make it bleed more.
4. Nosebleeds are best treated by putting the head back. If you put the head
back during a nosebleed, all the blood goes down the back of the airway.
154 Module 2 Safety and Security Keith Shirlvin Nigli - WGSHA
 What not to do
5. A tourniquet is the best way to treat serious bleeding. It's harmful to
stop the blood flow to a limb for more than 10-15 minutes.
6. If someone has swallowed a poison you should make them sick. If you
make someone sick by putting your fingers in their mouth, the vomit may
block their airway.
7. If you perform CPR on someone who has a pulse you can damage their
heart. The evidence is that it isn't dangerous to do chest compressions on a
casualty with a pulse.
8. You need lots of training to do first aid. You don't - what you mostly need
is common sense. You can learn enough first aid in ten minutes to save
someone's life.
9. You need lots of expensive equipment to do first aid. You don't need any
equipment to do first aid, there are lots of ways to improvise anything you
need.
155 Module 2 Safety and Security Keith Shirlvin Nigli - WGSHA
 Being a First Aider
If you're present at the scene of an accident, or during a
medical emergency, you need to go through the following
stages:
Assess the situation
• Take control of your feelings, don't act impulsively
• Look for continuing danger, to the casualties and to
yourself
• Decide whether to call for emergency help

156 Module 2 Safety and Security Keith Shirlvin Nigli - WGSHA

 Being a First Aider
Assess the casualties
• Quiet casualties should always be your first priority
• A quiet casualty may be an indication that the person is unconscious. Quiet casualties
should always be your first priority.
• Priorities treatment of casualties according to severity of injury
• Check response by asking casualties whether they are all right
• Check airway
• Check breathing
• If a casualty isn't breathing, ask somebody to call 999 immediately and give 30 chest
compression followed by two rescue breaths
• Continue this sequence until emergency help arrives or the casualty starts to show some
response.
157 Module 2 Safety and Security Keith Shirlvin Nigli - WGSHA
 Being a First Aider
• Further assistance to casualties
• Aim to give all casualties early and effective help
• Arrange for casualties to be taken to hospital where necessary
• Remain with casualty until help arrives
• Prevent cross-infection between yourself and the casualty
• Take care of casualty's possessions and ensure they accompany
the casualty to hospital

158 Module 2 Safety and Security Keith Shirlvin Nigli - WGSHA