GRADE 10 MUSIC

QUARTER 2
LESSON 1:Music of Africa
What is African Music?

African music is one of the most influential styles of music in

the world. It has greatly influenced the music of
Contemporary America, Latin America and European music.
Its highly energetic and rhythmically challenging beats are
quite universal. Jazz, Gospel and Spiritual, and Rhythm and
Blues (RnB) are genres of music that
have deep roots to African music.
The music of Africa is the product of the diverse
history, topography, and unique musical heritage
of more than 50 countries. It is the result of the
fusion of traditional and European influences
which was a result of the colonization of Europe
to most of the continent until the 19th Century.
TRADITIONAL MUSIC OF AFRICA

African traditional music is mainly functional in nature

which is used primarily in ceremonial rites, such as
birth, death, marriage, succession, worship, and spirit
invocations. Others are work related or social in nature,
while many traditional societies view their music as a
form of entertainment.
Some Types of African Music
1. Afrobeat – It is a term used to describe the
fusion of West African with Black American
music.
2. Apala (Akpala) - It is a musical genre from
Nigeria in the Yoruba tribal style to wake up the
worshippers after fasting during the Muslim holy
feast of Ramadan.
Some Types of African Music
3. Axe - It is a popular musical genre from Salvador,
Bahia, and Brazil. It fuses the
Afro-Caribbean styles of marcha, reggae, and calypso.
4. Jit - It is a hard and fast percussive Zimbabwean
dance music played on drums with guitar
accompaniment influenced by mbira-based guitar
styles.
Some Types of African Music

5. Jive - It is a popular form of South African music

featuring a lively and uninhibited variation of the
jitterbug, a form of swing dance.
6. Juju - It is a popular music style from Nigeria that
relies on the traditional Yoruba rhythms. A drum kit,
keyboard, pedal steel guitar, and accordion are used
along with the traditional dun-dun (talking drum or
squeeze drum).
Some Types of African Music

7. Kwassa Kwassa – It is a music style that begun in Zaire in

the late 1980s popularized by Kanda Bongo Man. In this
dance style, the hips move back and forth while the arms
move following the hips.
8. Marabi – It is a South African three-chord township
music of the 1930s-1960s which evolved into African Jazz.
It is characterized by simple chords in varying vamping
patterns and repetitive harmony over an extended period.
VOCAL FORMS OF AFRICAN MUSIC

1. Maracatu – It is the combination of strong rhythms of

African percussion instruments and Portuguese
melodies. This form of music is being paraded along the
streets by up to 100 participants.
2. Blues – It is one of the most widely performed musical
forms of the late 19th century. The melodies of blues are
expressive and soulful. The slaves and their descendants
used to sing these as they work in the fields.
VOCAL FORMS OF AFRICAN MUSIC
3. Soul – It is a popular music genre of the 1950s and 1960s which
originated in the African-American community throughout the United
States. It combines elements of African-American gospel music, rhythm
and blues, and often jazz.
4. Spiritual – It originated in the Unites States and created by African-
American slaves. It is also known as “Negro Spiritual”. It became a means
of imparting Christian values and a way of venting their hardships as
slaves.
5. Call and Response – It is likened to a question and answer sequence in
human communication. The slaves used to sing these songs while
simultaneously doing all their tasks in a day.
MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS OF AFRICA

African music has a very wide range of genres. It

includes all the major instrumental genres of
western music including strings, winds, and
percussion, along with a tremendous variety of
specific African musical instruments for solo or
ensemble playing.
Classification of Traditional African Instruments
A. Idiophones – Sound is produced by the body of the instrument
vibrating.

1. Agogo - It is a single bell or multiple

bells and is considered as the
oldest samba instrument based on
West African Yoruba single or double
bells. It has the highest pitch of any of
the bateria instruments. ody of the
instrument vibrating.
Classification of Traditional African Instruments
A. Idiophones – Sound is produced by the instruments. ody of the
instrument vibrating.

2. Shekere – It is a type of gourd

and shell megaphone from West
Africa, consisting of a dried gourd
with beads woven into a net
covering the gourd.
Classification of Traditional African Instruments
A. Idiophones – Sound is produced by the instruments. ody of the
instrument vibrating.

3. Slit/Log drum – It is a
hollowpercussion instrument. Although
known as a drum, it is not a true drum
but is an idiophone. It is usually carved
or constructed from bamboo or wood
into a box with one or more slits in the
top.
Classification of Traditional African Instruments
A. Idiophones – Sound is produced by the instruments. ody of the
instrument vibrating
4. Atingting Kon (Slit Gong) – It is a hollowed
cylinder of wood with a narrow
longitudinal opening or slit whose edges
are struck to produce a deep, sonorous
tone. They are considered to be portraits
of ancestors so that when played, it is the
voices of awakened ancestors which
resonate from their interior chamber.
Classification of Traditional African Instruments
A. Idiophones – Sound is produced by the instruments. ody of the
instrument vibrating
5. Balafon – It is a kind of wooden
xylophone or percussion idiophone
which plays melodic tunes. It has
been played in the region since the
1300s. In the 16th century, it became
a real art at the royal court of
Sikasso/ Mali and was flourishing
under the reign of a generous king.
Classification of Traditional African Instruments
B. Membranophones – Sound is produced by the vibration of a
tightly stretched membrane.

1. Body percussion - It refers to African music

using their bodies as instruments. Their
body can be used to produce sound by
clapping their hands, slapping their thighs,
pounding their upper arms or chests, or
shuffling their feet. Wearing of rattles or
bells on their wrists, ankles, arms, and
waists enhances their emotional response.
Classification of Traditional African Instruments
B. Membranophones – Sound is produced by the vibration of a
tightly stretched membrane.

2. Talking drum – It is used to send

messages to announce births, deaths,
marriages, sporting events, dances,
initiations or war. It is believed that
the drums can carry direct messages
to the spirits after the death of a loved
one. .
Classification of Traditional African Instruments
B. Membranophones – Sound is produced by the vibration of a
tightly stretched membrane.

3. Djembe - The West African djembe

(pronounced zhem-bay) is one of
the best-known African drums. It is
shaped like a large goblet and played
with bare hands. The body is carved
from a hollowed trunk and is covered
with goat skin.
Classification of Traditional African Instruments
C. Lamellaphone – Sound is produced by the vibration of
tongues of metal,wood or other material.

1. Mbira (Kalimba/ Thumb Piano) – It is a set of

plucked tines or keys mounted on a sound
board. It is being played by holding the
instrument in the hands and plucking the
tines with the thumbs. They used this
instrument to drive away evil spirits since it
is believed that it was a vector of
communication with ancestors and spirits.
Classification of Traditional African Instruments
C. Lamellaphone – Sound is produced by the vibration of
tongues of metal,wood or other material.

2. Array Mbira – It is a hand-crafted

instrument with a unique harp or bell-like
sound. It is a popular traditionalinstrument
of the Shona people in Zimbabwe. It is a
radical redesign of the African Mbira and it
consists of up to 150 metal tines attached to
a wooden board,
comprising up to five octaves.
Classification of Traditional African Instruments
D. Chordophones – Sound is produced by the vibration of a string
or strings that are stretched between fixed points.

1. Musical Bow - The Musical bow is the

ancestor of all string instruments. It is the
oldest and one of the most widely used string
instruments of Africa. It consists of a single
string attached to each end of a curved stick,
similar to a bow and arrow.
Classification of Traditional African Instruments
D. Chordophones – Sound is produced by the vibration of a string
or strings that are stretched between fixed points.

2. Zeze - The Zeze is an African fiddle

played with a bow, a small wooden
stick, or plucked with the fingers. It
has one or two strings made of steel or
bicycle brake wire. It is from Sub-
Saharan Africa.
Classification of Traditional African Instruments
E. Aerophones – Sound is produced through the vibration
of ai

1. Fulani – It is a type of flute which is

widely used throughout Africa and
either vertical or side-blown. They are
usually fashioned from a single tube
closed at one end and blown like a
bottle.
Classification of Traditional African Instruments
E. Aerophones – Sound is produced through the vibration
of ai

2. Kudu Horn – It is made from the horn

of the kudu antelope. Its sound
releases a mellow and warm sound that
adds a unique African accent to their
music.
LESSON 2:
Music of
Latin
America
LESSON 2:Music of Latin America

The music of Africa is truly cultural and traditional in nature.

Significantly, the passage of time has not vanished the unique
characteristics and elements that the Africans value in their music.
You have learned earlier that music is an integral part of the Africans’
being because their music is highly associated with almost everything
that they do, be it in work, in religion, in special gatherings and other
celebrations. It can be well said that African Music connects people
thus making the community folks more united, and more supportive
toward each other. Their music has reached different parts of the globe
as Africans who migrated to Latin America and other countries brought
their music with them.
LESSON 2:Music of Latin America
The music of Latin America is the product of three major
influences – Indigenous, Spanish-Portuguese, and African.
Sometimes called Latin music, it includes the countries that have
a colonial history from Spain and Portugal, divided into the
following areas of Andean Region, Central America,
INFLUENCES ON LATIN AMERICAN MUSIC

1. Indigenous Latin-American Music – The natives

were found to be using local drum and
percussion instruments. The indigenous
music of Latin America was largely functional
in nature, being used for religious worships
and ceremonies.
INFLUENCES ON LATIN AMERICAN MUSIC

2. Native American/ Indian Music - The ethnic and

cultural groups of the principal
Native Americans share many similar yet
distinctive music elements. Songs had a wide range
of volume levels. Songs celebrate themes like
harvest, planting season or other important events
or occasions of the year.
INFLUENCES ON LATIN AMERICAN MUSIC

3. Afro-Latin American Music - The African

influence on Latin American music is most
pronounced in its rich and varied rhythmic
patterns produced by drums and various
percussion instruments.
INFLUENCES ON LATIN AMERICAN MUSIC

4. Euro-Latin American Music - The different

regions of Latin America adopted various
characteristics from their European
colonizers. Melodies of the Renaissance period
were used in Southern Chile and the
Colombian Pacific coasts.
INFLUENCES ON LATIN AMERICAN
MUSIC
5. Mixed American Music - The result of the
massive infusion of African culture also
brought about the introduction of other music
and dance forms such as the Afro-Cuban
rumba, Jamaican reggae, Colombian cumbia,
and the Brazilian samba
Popular Latin American Music

1. Samba - It is a dance form of African origin

around 1838 which evolved into an African-
Brazilian invention in the working class and slum
districts of Rio de Janeiro.
Its lively rhythm was meant to be executed for
singing, dancing, and parading in the
carnival.
Popular Latin American Music

2. Son – It is a fusion of the popular music or

canciones (songs) of Spain and the African rumba
rhythms of Bantu origin. Originating in Cuba, it is
usually played with the guitar, contrabass, bongos,
maracas, and claves. Its most important legacy is
its influence on present-day Latin American music,
particularly as the forerunner of the salsa.
Popular Latin American Music

3. Salsa – It is a social dance with marked influences

from Cuba and Puerto Rico that started in New
York in the mid 1970s. Its style contains elements
from the swing dance and hustle as well as the
complex Afro-Cuban and Afro-Caribbean dance
forms of pachanga and guaguanco.
MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS OF LATIN AMERICA

The varied cultures developed in Latin America gave rise to

different types of wind and percussion instruments. As some
instruments were considered holy and music was supposed to
glorify the gods, mistakes in playing these instruments were
considered offensive and insulting to them.
A. Aztec and Mayan Instruments

These are the instruments that were played during the Aztec
Empire (c. 1345- 1521 CE) and Mayan Civilization (1800 BC – AD
950). Aztec and Mayan people are people who lived in Southern
Mexico and Northern Central America Central.
 MUSICAL
INSTRUMEN
TS OF LATIN
AMERICA
1. Tlapitzalli – It is a flute variety
from the Aztec culture made of
A. Aztec and Mayan clay with decorations of abstract
Instruments designs or image
 MUSICAL
INSTRUMEN
TS OF LATIN
AMERICA
2.Teponaztli – It is a Mexican slit drum
hollowed out and carved from a piece of
hardwood with designs representing
A. Aztec and Mayan human figures or animals to be used for
Instruments both religious and recreational purposes.
 MUSICAL
INSTRUMEN
TS OF LATIN
AMERICA 3. Conch – It is a wind instrument
made from a seashell usually of a
large sea snail. It is prepared by
cutting a hole in its spine near the
A. Aztec and Mayan apex, and then blown into as if it were
Instruments a trumpet.
 MUSICAL
INSTRUMEN
TS OF LATIN
AMERICA
4. Rasp – It is a hand percussion
instrument whose sound is produced
by scraping a group of notched sticks
A. Aztec and Mayan with another stick, creating a series of
Instruments rattling effects.
 MUSICAL
INSTRUMEN
TS OF LATIN
AMERICA 5. Huehueti – It is a Mexican upright
tubular drum used by the Aztecs and
other ancient civilizations. It is made of
wood opened at the bottom and standing
A. Aztec and Mayan on three legs cut from the base, with its
Instruments stretched skin beaten by the hand or a
wooden mallet.
 These are instruments that were
MUSICAL being played during the
INSTRUMEN civilization of Inca between c.
1400 and 1533 CE in Pre-
TS OF LATIN Columbian America, which was
centered in what is now Peru. The
AMERICA Incas built one of the largest,
most tightly controlled empires
the world has ever known.
B. Incan Instruments
 MUSICAL
INSTRUMEN
TS OF LATIN
AMERICA
1. Ocarina - It is an ancient vessel
flute made of clay or ceramic with
four to 12 finger holes and a
mouthpiece that projected from the
B. Incan Instruments
body.
 MUSICAL
INSTRUMEN
TS OF LATIN
AMERICA
2. Zampoñas (Panpipes) – These are
ancient instruments tuned to
B. Incan Instruments different scalar varieties, played by
blowing across the tubetop
 MUSICAL These are the instruments that
INSTRUMEN were being played during the
Andean Civilization (c. 3000
TS OF LATIN BCE – 1537). This civilization is
considered indigenous and not
AMERICA derived from other civilizations
mainly because they came from
the river valleys of the coastal
C. Andean Instruments desserts of Peru.
 MUSICAL
INSTRUMEN
TS OF LATIN
AMERICA
1. Siku - It is a side-blown
cane flute that is played all
C. Andean Instruments year round.
 MUSICAL
INSTRUMEN
TS OF LATIN
AMERICA
2. Tarkas - These are vertical
duct flutes with a mouthpiece
similar to that of a recorder,
C. Andean Instruments used during the rainy season.
 MUSICAL
INSTRUMEN
TS OF LATIN
AMERICA 3. Quenas – These are vertical
cane flutes with an end-
notched made from fragile
C. Andean Instruments bamboo. They are used during
the dry season. .
 MUSICAL
INSTRUMEN
TS OF LATIN
It is an extremely popular band in Mexico whose
AMERICA original ensemble consisted of violins, guitars, harp,
and an enormous guitarron. Mariachi music is
extremely passionate and romantic with their
blended harmonies and characterized by
catchy rhythms. Watch Video # 29 through this
link:
D. Mariachi https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vtRn2qmmOes.
 VOCAL AND 1. Cumbia – It is a popular
DANCE FORMS African courtship dance
OF LATIN with European and
AMERICAN African instrumentation
MUSIC and characteristics,
originating in Panama
1. Cumbia and
contains
Colombia.
varying
It

rhythmic meters.
 VOCAL AND
2. Tango – It is a foremost
DANCE FORMS
Argentinian and
OF LATIN
Uruguayan urban popular
AMERICAN song and dance and
MUSIC remains a 20th century
nationalistic Argentinian
2. Tango piece of music that is
most expressive.
 VOCAL AND 3. Cha Cha – It is a
DANCE FORMS ballroom dance originated
OF LATIN in Cuba in 1953 that was
derived from the mambo.
AMERICAN
The Cuban Cha Cha is
MUSIC
considered more sensual
3. Cha Cha because it contains
polyrhythmic patterns.
 VOCAL AND
4. Rumba - It is a popular
DANCE FORMS recreational dance with Afro-
OF LATIN Cuban origin. It is normally
AMERICAN used as a ballroom dance
MUSIC where a couple would be in
an embrace though slightly
4. Rumba apart, with the rocking of the
hips to a fast-fast-slow
sequence
 5. Bossa nova – It is the slower and
VOCAL AND
gentler version of the Cuban
DANCE FORMS Samba, originated in the 1950s. It
OF LATIN is the Portuguese term for “new
trend”. This genre integrates
AMERICAN melody, harmony and rhythm into
MUSIC swaying feel and mostly sung in a
nasal manner. Antonio Carlos
5. Bossa nova Jobim is the foremost international
figure of Bossa nova while Sitti
Navarro is his Filipino counterpart.
 VOCAL AND
6. Reggae - It is an urban popular
DANCE FORMS music and dance style that
OF LATIN originated in Jamaica in the
mid1960s. It is instantly
AMERICAN recognizable from the counterpoint
MUSIC between the bass and drum
downbeat and the offbeat rhythm
6. Reggae section. Bob Marley is the best
known proponent of reggae who
hails from Jamaica.
 VOCAL AND 7. Foxtrot – It is a 20th
DANCE FORMS century social dance that
OF LATIN originated after 1910 in the
AMERICAN USA. This dance had no fixed
MUSIC step pattern, instead
borrowing from other dance
7. Foxtrot forms and having a simple
forward/backward sequence.
 VOCAL AND 8. Paso Doble - It is a theatrical
Spanish dance used by the
DANCE FORMS
Spaniards in bullfights
OF LATIN which means “double step”. The
AMERICAN dance is arrogant and
MUSIC dignifiedwhere the dancer
takes strong steps forward with
8. Paso Doble the heels accompanied by
artistic hand movements, foot
stomping, sharp and quick.
THE END