Third Edition

CHAPTER MECHANICS OF

7 MATERIALS
Ferdinand P. Beer
E. Russell Johnston, Jr.
John T. DeWolf

Lecture Notes:
Transformations of
Stress and Strain
J. Walt Oler
Texas Tech University

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Editio
Third
Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Introduction
• The most general state of stress at a point may
be represented by 6 components,
 x , y , z normal stresses
 xy ,  yz ,  zx shearing stresses
(Note :  xy   yx ,  yz   zy ,  zx   xz )

• Same state of stress is represented by a

different set of components if axes are rotated.

• The first part of the chapter is concerned with

how the components of stress are transformed
under a rotation of the coordinate axes. The
second part of the chapter is devoted to a
similar analysis of the transformation of the
components of strain.

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 7-2

 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Editio
Third
Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Introduction
• Plane Stress - state of stress in which two faces of
the cubic element are free of stress. For the
illustrated example, the state of stress is defined by
 x ,  y ,  xy and  z   zx   zy  0.

• State of plane stress occurs in a thin plate subjected

to forces acting in the midplane of the plate.

• State of plane stress also occurs on the free surface

of a structural element or machine component, i.e.,
at any point of the surface not subjected to an
external force.

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 7-3

 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Editio
Third
Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Transformation of Plane Stress

• Consider the conditions for equilibrium of a
prismatic element with faces perpendicular to
the x, y, and x’ axes.
 Fx  0   xA   x A cos cos   xy A cos sin 
  y A sin  sin    xy A sin  cos
 Fy   0   xy A   x A cos sin    xy A cos cos
  y A sin  cos   xy A sin  sin 

• The equations may be rewritten to yield

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 7-4

 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Editio
Third
Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Principal Stresses
• The previous equations are combined to
yield parametric equations for a circle,
 x   ave 2   x2y  R 2
where
2
 x  y  x  y  2
 ave  R      xy
2  2 

• Principal stresses occur on the principal

planes of stress with zero shearing stresses.
2
 x  y  x  y  2
 max,min       xy
2  2 
2 xy
tan 2 p 
 x  y
Note : defines two angles separated by 90o

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 7-5

 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Editio
Third
Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Maximum Shearing Stress

Maximum shearing stress occurs for  x   ave

2
 x  y  2
 max  R      xy
 2 
 x  y
tan 2 s  
2 xy

Note : defines two angles separated by 90o and

offset from  p by 45o
 x  y
    ave 
2

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 7-6

 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Editio
Third
Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Example 7.01
SOLUTION:
• Find the element orientation for the principal
stresses from
2 xy
tan 2 p 
 x  y
• Determine the principal stresses from
2
x  y  x  y  2
 max,min       xy
For the state of plane stress shown, 2  2 
determine (a) the principal panes, • Calculate the maximum shearing stress with
(b) the principal stresses, (c) the 2
maximum shearing stress and the   x   y  2
 max      xy
corresponding normal stress.  2 
x  y

 
2

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 7-7

 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Editio
Third
Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Example 7.01
SOLUTION:
• Find the element orientation for the principal
stresses from
2 xy 2 40 
tan 2 p    1.333
 x   y 50   10
2 p  53.1, 233.1
 p  26.6, 116 .6
 x  50 MPa  xy  40 MPa
 x  10 MPa • Determine the principal stresses from
2
x  y  x  y  2
 max,min       xy
2  2 
 20  302  402
 max  70 MPa
 min  30 MPa

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 7-8

 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Editio
Third
Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Example 7.01
• Calculate the maximum shearing stress with
2
 x  y  2
 max      xy
 2 
 302  402
 max  50 MPa
 x  50 MPa  xy  40 MPa  s   p  45
 x  10 MPa  s  18.4, 71.6

• The corresponding normal stress is

 x   y 50  10
    ave  
2 2
   20 MPa

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 7-9

 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Editio
Third
Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Sample Problem 7.1

SOLUTION:
• Determine an equivalent force-couple
system at the center of the transverse
section passing through H.
• Evaluate the normal and shearing
stresses at H.
• Determine the principal planes and
calculate the principal stresses.
A single horizontal force P of 150 lb
magnitude is applied to end D of lever
ABD. Determine (a) the normal and
shearing stresses on an element at point
H having sides parallel to the x and y
axes, (b) the principal planes and
principal stresses at the point H.

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 7 - 10

 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Editio
Third
Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Sample Problem 7.1

SOLUTION:
• Determine an equivalent force-couple
system at the center of the transverse
section passing through H.
P  150 lb
T  150 lb 18 in   2.7 kip  in
M x  150 lb 10 in   1.5 kip  in

• Evaluate the normal and shearing

stresses at H.
y 
Mc

1.5 kip  in 0.6 in 
I 1  0.6 in 4
4

 xy  
Tc

2.7 kip  in 0.6 in 
J 1  0.6 in 4
2

 x  0  y  8.84 ksi  y  7.96 ksi

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 7 - 11

 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Editio
Third
Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Sample Problem 7.1

• Determine the principal planes and
calculate the principal stresses.
2 xy 27.96 
tan 2 p    1.8
 x   y 0  8.84
2 p  61.0,119 
 p  30.5, 59.5

2
x  y  x  y  2
 max,min       xy
2  2 
2
0  8.84  0  8.84 
  7.96 
2
  
2  2 
 max  13.52 ksi
 min  4.68 ksi

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 7 - 12

 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Editio
Third
Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stress

• With the physical significance of Mohr’s
circle for plane stress established, it may be
applied with simple geometric considerations.
Critical values are estimated graphically or
calculated.
• For a known state of plane stress  x , y , xy
plot the points X and Y and construct the
circle centered at C.
2
 x  y  x  y  2
 ave  R      xy
2  2 

• The principal stresses are obtained at A and B.

 max,min   ave  R
2 xy
tan 2 p 
 x  y
The direction of rotation of Ox to Oa is
the same as CX to CA.
© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 7 - 13
 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Editio
Third
Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stress

• With Mohr’s circle uniquely defined, the state
of stress at other axes orientations may be
depicted.

• For the state of stress at an angle  with

respect to the xy axes, construct a new
diameter X’Y’ at an angle 2 with respect to
XY.

• Normal and shear stresses are obtained

from the coordinates X’Y’.

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 7 - 14

 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Editio
Third
Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stress

• Mohr’s circle for centric axial loading:

P P
x  ,  y   xy  0  x   y   xy 
A 2A

• Mohr’s circle for torsional loading:

Tc Tc
 x   y  0  xy  x y   xy  0
J J

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 7 - 15

 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Editio
Third
Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Example 7.02

For the state of plane stress shown,

(a) construct Mohr’s circle, determine
(b) the principal planes, (c) the SOLUTION:
principal stresses, (d) the maximum • Construction of Mohr’s circle
shearing stress and the corresponding  x   y 50    10 
normal stress.  ave    20 MPa
2 2
CF  50  20  30 MPa FX  40 MPa
R  CX  302  402  50 MPa
© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 7 - 16
 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Editio
Third
Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Example 7.02
• Principal planes and stresses
 max  OA  OC  CA  20  50
 max  70 MPa
 max  OB  OC  BC  20  50
 max  30 MPa

FX 40
tan 2 p  
CP 30
2 p  53.1
 p  26.6

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 7 - 17

 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Editio
Third
Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Example 7.02

• Maximum shear stress

 s   p  45  max  R     ave

 s  71.6  max  50 MPa    20 MPa

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 7 - 18

 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Editio
Third
Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Sample Problem 7.2

For the state of stress shown,

determine (a) the principal planes
and the principal stresses, (b) the
stress components exerted on the
element obtained by rotating the SOLUTION:
given element counterclockwise • Construct Mohr’s circle
through 30 degrees.  x   y 100  60
 ave    80 MPa
2 2
R CF 2  FX 2  202  482  52 MPa
© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 7 - 19
 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Editio
Third
Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Sample Problem 7.2

• Principal planes and stresses

XF 48  max  OA  OC  CA  max  OA  OC  BC
tan 2 p    2.4
CF 20  80  52  80  52
2 p  67.4
 max  132 MPa  min  28 MPa
 p  33.7 clockwise

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 7 - 20

 MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Editio
Third
Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

Sample Problem 7.2

  180  60  67.4  52.6

• Stress components after rotation by 30o
 x  OK  OC  KC  80  52 cos 52.6
Points X’ and Y’ on Mohr’s circle that  y  OL  OC  CL  80  52 cos 52.6
correspond to stress components on the
 xy  KX   52 sin 52.6
rotated element are obtained by
2  60
rotating XY counterclockwise through  x  48.4 MPa
 y  111 .6 MPa
 xy  41.3 MPa

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 7 - 21