HEAD INJURY
BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE
SUBMITTED TO:MA’AM AMMARAH SALEEM
SUBMITTED BY:
LAIBA NADEEM(22-232)
NISHA AKBAR(22-261)
NOOR FATIMA SAFDER(22-247)
UMAY AMAN(22-252)
AYESHA(22-250)
AIMA TARIQ(22-259)
HEAD INJURIES
1. TYPES OF HEAD INJURIES
2. TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR HEAD INJURIES
3. THE ADVANCEMENT OF HEAD INJURIES AND BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE
HEAD INJURIES
A head injury is any trauma to the head that can result in damage to the scalp, skull, or brain. These
injuries can range from mild to severe and may include a variety of conditions, from superficial
cuts and bruises to traumatic brain injuries (TBIs).
Types of Head Injuries
Closed Head Injuries: These occur when there is no penetration of the skull. They are typically
caused by blunt force trauma to the head, leading to injuries like concussions or contusions.
Open Head Injuries: These involve a break in the skull, allowing an object to penetrate the brain.
Examples include gunshot wounds or injuries from sharp objects.
HEAD INJURY
• About 75% of patients with brain injuries who receive medical attention can be categorized as
having minor injuries, 15% as moderate, and 10% as severe. Most recent united states data
estimate 1,700,000 traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) annually, including 275,000 hospitalizations
and 52,000 deaths.
TYPES OF HEAD INJURY
1.Scalp injury
• Scalp Injury Effects the skin and soft tissues of the scalp.
• It can be a cut, laceration, bruise, or abrasion.
• It may bleed heavily due to rich blood supply.
• Typically not life-threatening.
• It may require stitches or staples for closure.
Scalp Injury Causes:-
• Blows to the head
• Falls
• Physical assault
• Accidents (sports, car, etc.)
• Shaking (in infants and
children)
SCALP INJURY TREATMENT:-
MINOR INJURIES: -
• APPLY PRESSURE TO STOP BLEEDING
• CLEAN AND DRESS THE WOUND
• MONITOR FOR SIGNS OF INFECTION-
MORE SEVERE INJURIES:
• STITCHES OR STAPLES TO CLOSE THE WOUND
• ANTIBIOTICS TO PREVENT INFECTION
• PAIN MANAGEMENT
• CLOSE MONITORING FOR SIGNS OF CONCUSSION OR BRAIN INJURY
2.Brain injury
• Brain injury affects the brain tissue itself.
• It can be a concussion, contusion, or other types of damage.
• It can be caused by a blow to the head, shaking, or penetrating injury.
• It can be mild, moderate, or severe.
• It can cause a range of symptoms, from headache and dizziness to coma or death.
CAUSES
Traumatic brain injury (TBI):
• Falls
• Car accidents
• Physical assault
• Sports injuries
• Explosions
Non-traumatic brain injury:
• Stroke
• Infections (meningitis, encephalitis)
• Brain tumors
• Poisoning (alcohol, drugs)
• lack of oxygen (drowning, carbon monoxide)
TREATMENT
Emergency care: Stabilize vital signs, Manage bleeding
Surgery: relieve pressure, repair skull fractures
Rehabilitation: physical, occupational, speech therapy
Medication: manage pain, seizures, anxiety, depression
Lifestyle changes: rest, stress reduction, cognitive therapy
3.CONCUSSION
• A concussion is a mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) that results from a sudden blow or jolt to the
head or body, causing the brain to move rapidly back and forth within the skull. This movement
can lead to temporary disruption of normal brain function.
Concussion
• Symptoms of a concussion can include:
• Headache
• Confusion
• Dizziness
• Nausea
• Fatigue
• Sensitivity to light or sound
• Temporary loss of consciousness. While most concussions are mild and resolve on their own with rest, repeated
concussions can have cumulative effects and may require medical attention.
4. CONTUSION
• A contusion is a bruise on the brain tissue caused by direct impact to the head. It occurs when
blood vessels within the brain rupture, leading to bleeding and swelling in the surrounding tissue.
• A contusion is a bruise on the brain's surface caused by direct trauma to the head. It results from
blood vessels leaking blood into the surrounding brain tissue.
• Contusions typically occur as a result of a blow to the head, such as in motor vehicle accidents,
falls, sports-related injuries, or physical assaults.
CONTUSION
• Symptoms may include:
• Headache
• Dizziness
• Vomiting
• Changes in vision or speech
• Loss of consciousness. Severe contusions may require medical intervention to reduce swelling
and prevent further complications.
5. SKULL FRACTURE
• A skull fracture is a break or crack in one or more of the bones of the skull. Skull fractures can
be classified into several types, including linear fractures (a simple crack in the bone), depressed
fractures (a portion of the skull is pushed inward), and compound fractures (the bone breaks
through the skin).
SKULL FRACTURE
• Symptoms of a skull fracture may include:
• Pain
• Swelling
• Tenderness
• Bruising
• In severe cases, visible deformity or leakage of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the ears or nose.
Treatment for skull fractures depends on the severity and location of the fracture, and may include
observation, pain management, and in some cases, surgical intervention.
SKULL FRACTURE
• Treatment for skull fractures depends on the severity and location of the fracture, and may
include observation, pain management, and in some cases, surgical intervention
6.HEMATOMA
• HEMATOMA REFERS TO THE ACCUMULATION OF BLOOD OUTSIDE OF BLOOD
VESSELS WITHIN THE SKULL OR BRAIN TISSUE. HEMATOMAS CAN OCCUR DUE
TO TRAUMA THAT DAMAGES BLOOD VESSELS, CAUSING BLEEDING INTO THE
SURROUNDING TISSUES.
HEMATOMA
• HEMATOMAS CAN RESULT FROM HEAD TRAUMA AND CAN CAUSE SYMPTOMS
SUCH AS:
• HEADACHE
• DIZZINESS
• CONFUSION
• WEAKNESS
• AND IN SEVERE CASES, LOSS OF CONSCIOUSNESS.
HEMATOMA
• Treatment for hematomas may involve:
• Monitoring, medication, or surgical intervention to remove the accumulated blood and relieve
pressure on the brain
7.DIFFUSE AXONAL
INJURY
DAI is a severe type of traumatic
brain injury that occurs when the
brain rapidly shifts or rotates inside
the skull, causing widespread
damage to the nerve fibers (axons)
throughout the brain. This type of
injury often results from high-speed
motor vehicle accidents or severe
falls and can lead to significant
neurological impairment
DAI
• Symptoms of DAI may include coma, persistent vegetative state, cognitive deficits, motor
impairments, and behavioral changes.
• Treatment for DAI focuses on supportive care and rehabilitation to maximize recovery and
minimize long-term disabilities.
8.PENETRATING INJURY
• Penetrating head injuries occur when an object (such as a bullet, knife, or shrapnel) penetrates
the skull and enters the brain tissue. These injuries can cause extensive damage to brain
structures and can be life-threatening.
OPEN AND CLOSE HEAD INJURY
CLOSE HEAD INJURY OPEN HEAD INJURY
• A type of brain injury where the skull • A type of brain injury where the skull is
remains intact- no open wound or fracture- fractured or penetrated- exposes the brain to the
can cause brain damage from shaking, environment- can be caused by a blow to the
bleeding, or swelling- examples: concussion, head, fall, or penetrating object- examples:
diffuse axonal injury, subdural hematoma- gunshot wound, stab wound, depressed skull
may not be visible externally, but can be fracture- requires immediate medical attention
to prevent infection and further damage
severe
HEAD INJURY IN DIFFERENT BRAIN AREAS
FRONTAL LOBE INJURIES
The frontal lobes are involved in executive functions such as:
• Decision-making impulse control, and social behavior.
Impact of Injury;
Head trauma affecting the frontal lobe can result in changes in behavior, personality alterations,
difficulties with decision-making and impulse control, motor impairments, and changes in
emotional regulation.
TEMPORAL LOBE INJURIES
The temporal lobe plays a role in auditory processing, language comprehension,
memory, and emotion regulation.
Impact of Injury:
Head trauma affecting the temporal lobe may result in auditory processing
deficits, language difficulties, memory impairment (especially forming new
memories), changes in emotional regulation, and alterations in perception.
PARIETAL LOBE INJURIES
The parietal lobe is responsible for processing sensory information, spatial perception, and
attention.
Impact of Injury:
Injuries to the parietal lobe can lead to sensory disturbances, such as numbness or tingling,
difficulties with spatial awareness and perception, and problems with attention and concentration.
OCCIPITAL LOBE INJURIES
The occipital lobe is primarily responsible for processing visual information.
Impact of Injury:
Injuries to the occipital lobe can cause visual disturbances, including blurred vision, visual field defects,
difficulty recognizing objects or faces, and visual hallucinations.
Injuries to specific lobes of the brain can lead to a wide range of neurological symptoms and impairments,
depending on the functions associated with each lobe. Recovery and rehabilitation following a head injury
may involve various interventions, including physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech therapy,
cognitive rehabilitation, and psychological support. The specific treatment approach will depend on the
individual's symptoms, functional deficits, and overall prognosis.
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