Topic:Fertilization
Presented by:Muhammad Muneeb
Presented to:Mam Bazhanova Aliya
Group:4
Semester:1st
Dated:8 May 2024
Institute:International Higher School
Of Medicine
It is the fusion Fertilization
of male &
female
gametes.
It is a complex
process, that
begins with
contact
between a
sperm & an
oocyte.
It ends by the
intermingling
of maternal &
paternal
chromosomes.
Viability of Gametes Human oocytes
are usually
fertilized within
12 hours after
ovulation.
Oocyte cannot be
fertilized after 24
hours as it shortly
degenerates
thereafter.
Human sperms do
not survive for
more than 48
hours.
Sperm Freshly ejaculated
sperms are unable
Capacitation to fertilize the 2ry
oocyte.
They must undergo
a series of changes
known as
capacitation.
Capacitation
occurs in the female
reproductive tract.
It takes about 7-8
hours.
Sperms that have
undergone
capacitation become
hyperactive & highly
motile.
Usually occurs
in ampulla of Site of Fertilization
the uterine
tube.
It may occur in
other parts of
the tube but
never in the
uterus.
Chemical signals
from oocyte
attract the
sperms, also
uterine tube
contraction helps
the sperm to
ascend.
Stage 1:
Passage of sperm through Corona Radiata
It results from:
1- Action of an
enzyme called
hyaluronidase
released from
the acrosome
of the sperm
which helps in
dispersal of
corona radiata
cells.
2- Constant
propulsive force
of the sperm's
tail.
Stage 2:
Penetration of Zona Pellucida
Constant
propulsive force
from the sperm’s
flagellating tail.
acrosomal
enzymes
(esterases,
acrosin &
neuraminidase)
allow the sperm
to create a tract
through the zona
pellucida
Stage 3:
Fusion of plasma
membranes of
the oocyte & the
sperm.
Entry of sperm
contents into the
oocyte.
Stage 4:
Completion of
second meiotic
division of the 2ry
oocyte and
formation of
female
pronucleus.
Stage 5. Formation of
male pronucleus
Stage 6. Fusion of pronuclei & formation of the
zygote and preparation of first mitotic division
• Stimulates the Results of Fertilization
penetrated 2ry
oocyte to complete
its 2nd meiotic
division.
• Restores the diploid
number of
chromosomes in
the zygote (46).
• Determines the
chromosomal sex
of the embryo.
• Initiates cleavage
(cell division) of the
zygote.
Sex of the Embryo
• Embryo's
chromosomal
sex is determined
at the time of
fertilization.
• Sex is determined
by the type of
sperm (X or Y)
that fertilizes the
oocyte.
• So, it is the father
whose gamete
decides the sex of
the embryo.
Chromosomes in zygote
• Zygote is genetically unique.
• Half of its chromosomes come from the father and the
other half comes from the mother.
• zygote contains 46 chromosomes (diploid).
• New combination is formed which is different from
either of the parents.
• This mechanism forms biparental inheritance and
leads to variation of the human species.
Cleavage
Repeated mitotic division
of the zygote.
Begins about 30 hours
after fertilization.
There is rapid increase in
the number of cells.
The cells which is called
(blastomeres) become
smaller with each division.
Normally occurs as the
zygote passes along the
uterine tube to the uterus
During cleavage, zygote is
within the zona pellucida.
After 8-cell
stage, the
cells become
compactly
arranged
compaction
16 cell stage
is called
morula.
It is formed
about 3 days
after
fertilization
and enters
the uterus.
Fluid filled space
called the
blastocyst cavity
(blastocele)
appears inside the
morula.
Now Blastomeres
are separated into:
Outer cell layer,
the trophoblast,
which gives rise
to embryonic
part of placenta.
Inner cell mass
(embryoblasts)
which gives rise
to the embryo.
At this stage, the
conceptus is called
Blastocyst. It has Embryonic pole
two poles:
embryonic &
abembryonic.
Zona pellucida
gradually
degenerates and
disappears.
Blastocyst takes its
nourishment from
uterine secretions.
It enlarges in size.
It is ready to get
attached and Abembryonic pole
implanted to the
uterine wall.
