COAL AND PETROLEUM
AMINA PV
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
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AGENDA
Introduction
Coal
Petroleum
Natural gas
Some Natural Resources are Limited
NATURAL
RESOURCES
WE USE VARIOUS MATERIALS FOR OUR BASIC NEEDS. SOME OF THEM ARE
FOUND IN NATURE AND SOME HAVE BEEN MADE BY HUMAN EFFORTS.
THE MATERIAL WHICH IS OBTAINED FROM NATURE IS CALLED NATURAL
RESOURCE.
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA
NATURAL RESOURCES CAN 4
BE BROADLY CLASSIFIED
INTO TWO KINDS:
• Inexhaustible Natural Resources: These resources are present in unlimited
quantity in nature and are not likely to be exhausted by human activities.
Examples are: sunlight, air.
• Exhaustible Natural Resources: The amount of these resources in nature is
limited. They can be exhausted by human activities. Examples of these resources
are forests, wildlife, minerals, coal, petroleum, natural gas etc.
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In this chapter we will learn about some exhaustible
natural resources like coal, petroleum and natural gas.
These were formed from the dead remains of living
organisms (fossils). So, these are all known as fossil
fuels
THE COAL
Coal is one of the fuels used to cook
food.
Earlier, it was used in railway engines
to produce steam to run the engine.
It is used in thermal power plants to
produce electricity.
Coal is also used as a fuel in various
industries
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HOW COAL DISCOVERED?
About 300 million years ago the earth had dense forests in low lying wetland
areas. Due to natural processes, like flooding, these forests got buried under the
soil. As more soil deposited over them, they were compressed. The temperature
also rose as they sank deeper and deeper. Under high pressure and high
temperature, dead plants got slowly converted to coal. As coal contains mainly
carbon, the slow process of conversion of dead vegetation into coal is called
carbonization . Since it was formed from the remains of vegetation, coal is also
called a fossil fuel. When heated in air, coal burns and produces mainly carbon
dioxide gas. Coal is processed in industry to get some useful products such as
• Coke
• Coal tar
• Coal gas
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COKE
1. It is a tough, porous and
black substance.
2. It is an almost pure form of
carbon.
3. Coke is used in the
manufacture of steel and in
the extraction of many
metals.
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COAL TAR
It is a black, thick liquid with an unpleasant smell.
It is a mixture of about 200 substances.
Products obtained from coal tar are used as starting
materials for manufacturing various substances
used in everyday life and in industry, like synthetic
dyes, drugs, explosives, perfumes, plastics, paints,
photographic materials, roofing materials, etc.
Interestingly, naphthalene balls used to repel moths
and other insects are also obtained from coal tar.
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COAL GAS
Coal gas is obtained during
the processing of coal to get
coke. It is used as a fuel in
many industries situated near
the coal processing plants
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND
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PETROLEUM
Petrol is used as a fuel in light automobiles such as
motor cycles/ scooters and cars. Heavy motor
vehicles like trucks and tractors run on diesel.
Petrol and diesel are obtained from a natural resource
called petroleum.
The word petroleum is derived from petra (rock) and
oleum (oil) as it is mined from between the rocks
under Earth.
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA
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HOW PETROLEUM IS
FORMED?
• Petroleum was formed from organisms living in the sea. As these organisms
died, their bodies settled at the bottom of the sea and got covered with layers of
sand and clay.
• Over millions of years, absence of air, high temperature and high pressure
Impervious rock Water Gas Oil transformed the dead organisms into petroleum
and natural gas
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This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA
o The layer containing petroleum oil and gas is above that of water.
o Oil and gas are lighter than water and do not mix with it.
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REFINING OF PETROLEUM
• Petroleum is a dark oily liquid. It has an unpleasant odour. It is a mixture of
various constituents such as petroleum gas, petrol, diesel, lubricating oil,
paraffin wax, etc.
• The process of separating the various constituents/ fractions of petroleum is
known as refining. It is carried out in a petroleum refinery
Various Constituents of
Petroleum and their Uses
NATURAL GAS
Natural gas is a very important fossil fuel
because it is easy to transport through
pipes. Natural gas is stored under high
pressure as compressed natural gas
(CNG). CNG is used for power
generation. It is now being used as a fuel
for transport vehicles because it is less
polluting. It is a cleaner fuel.
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• The great advantage of CNG is that it can be used
directly for burning in homes and factories where it can
be supplied through pipes. Such a network of pipelines
exists in Vadodara (Gujarat), some parts of Delhi and
other places.
• Natural gas is also used as a starting material for the
manufacture of a number of chemicals and fertilisers.
• India has vast reserves of natural gas. In our country,
natural gas has been found in Tripura, Rajasthan, This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under
CC BY-NC-ND
Maharashtra and in the Krishna Godavari delta
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SOME NATURAL RESOURCES ARE
LIMITED
• some natural resources are exhaustible like fossil fuels, forests, minerals etc.
• It required the dead organisms millions of years to get converted into these fuels. On the other hand, the known reserves
of these will last only a few hundred years.
• Moreover, burning of these fuels is a major cause of air pollution. Their use is also linked to global warming.
• It is therefore necessary that we use these fuels only when absolutely necessary. This will result in better environment,
smaller risk of global warming and their availability for a longer period of time.
• In India, the Petroleum Conservation Research Association (PCRA) advises people how to save petrol/diesel while
driving. Their tips are
1. drive at a constant and moderate speed as far as possible,
2. switch off the engine at traffic lights or at a place where you have to wait
3. ensure correct tyre pressure.
4. ensure regular maintenance of the vehicle.
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WHAT WE HAD LEARNED?
Coal, petroleum and natural Coke, coal tar and coal gas are
gas are fossil fuels. the products of coal.
Fossil fuels were formed from Petroleum gas, petrol, diesel,
the dead remains of living kerosene, paraffin wax,
organisms millions of years lubricating oil are obtained by
ago. refining petroleum.
Fossil fuels are exhaustible Coal and petroleum resources
resources. are limited. We should use
them judiciously.
THANK
YOU
AMINA PV
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
