DEPARTMENT OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
ANDHRA PRADESH.
Name : K. S. Ashok Raja, L/ECE, KNPW, HYD.
Designation : Lecturer
Institute : Kamala Nehru Polytechnic for
Women, Nampally, Hyderabad.
Year/Semester : III Semester.
Subject : Electronic circuits -I
Branch : Electronics & Communication Engg.
Major Topic : Fabrication of IC’s
Sub -Topic : Introduction of IC’s
Sub. Code : EC-302
Duration : 100 min.
Teaching Aids : PPT, Animations, Photographs
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Objectives
Upon the completion of the period, you would be
able to understand :
• Introduction to integrated circuits.
• The advantages and disadvantages of IC’s over discrete
components.
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Known to Unknown
• Till now we have discussed different power supply circuits,
amplifier, semiconductor devices and amplifiers.
• Connecting a circuit in a discrete fashion, we know that it
takes lot of time consumption, area occupied by the circuit is
is more.
• Know how integrated circuits helps to reduce the draw back.
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Introduction of Integrated Circuit
• An IC has various components such as resistors,
capacitors, diodes, transistors etc., fabricated on a
small semiconductor chip.
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Introduction of integrated circuits
• An integrated circuit consists of a single crystal chip of
silicon, typically 50 by 50 mils in cross section.
• Containing both active and passive elements and their
inter connections.
• Processes used to fabricate integrated circuits is similar
to fabricate individual transistors and diodes.
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These processes include
• Epitaxial growth
• Masked impurity diffusion
• Oxide growth
• Oxide etching
Using photo lithography method.
• A method of batch processing is employed which offers
excellent repeatability and it adaptable to the production
of large numbers of integrated circuits at low cost.
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Introduction of IC
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Evolution of integrated
circuits
• Integrated circuits evolved from the miniaturization
program.
• The first effort was to miniaturize discrete components.
• It was followed by developing printed circuit boards
(single and double – sided ) to eliminate bulky wiring and
tie points.
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• Conserving space by packing innovations led to the use
of modules in which discrete components were placed like
“cord wood” between planes of printed circuit boards.
• Resistors and capacitors were made by depositing thin
films of metal on a substrate and adding discrete active
devices afterwards.
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• Inter connections of various combinations of thin films,
discrete components, and mono lithic circuits led to the
value of hybrid circuits, which use a mixture of the
different processes.
• The complete process is explained by micro “electronics
tree”
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microelectronics
Miniature discrete Integrated circuits Functional devices
components
Film circuits Silicon monolithic Hybrid
(passive) (active and passive)
Thin film and Compatible Multi chip
Thin Thick discrete Silicon thin Inter
Active devices film connections
Microelectronics tree
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Advantages of IC’s
• Increased reliability due to lesser number of connections.
• Extremely small size.
• Lesser weight.
• Low power requirement.
• Greater ability to operate at extreme values of temperature.
• Low cost.
• Improves performance.
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Disadvantages of IC’s
• If any component in an IC goes out of order, the whole
IC has to be replaced with a new one.
• In an IC, it is neither convenient or economical to
fabricate capacitances exceeding 30pf.
• It is not possible to fabricate inductors and transformers.
• Not possible to have high power with IC’s.
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Summary
We have discussed about
• The advantages of IC’s.
• Disadvantages of IC’s over discrete components.
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Methods of fabricating integrated circuits
• Monolithic integrated circuits
• Hybrid integrated circuits.
• All then IC fabrication methods will be discussed in
future lessons.
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Quiz
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1. IC’s are generally made of:
c) Germanium
e) Silicon
g) Antimony
i) Copper
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1. Main advantages of IC is
c) Small in size
e) High power consumption
g) Easy repairability
i) None of these
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1. An IC is
c) Tiny silicon chip
e) Complicated circuit
g) High power consuming device
i) Costly sub system
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Frequently asked Questions
1. What is an integrated circuit?
3. Write the advantages of IC’s?
5. List the merits and limitations of IC’s?
7. Compare Discrete and Integrated Circuits?
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THANK YOU
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