THE MAKING OF

PAKISTAN
Background
 THE INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS
• Founded in 1885
• Founder: Retired British Civil Allan Octavian
Hume
Servants-Allan Octavian Hume
• 1st President: Vamesh Chandra
Banerji
• Claimed: Congress claimed to
be an organization meant for Vamesh Chandra
Banerji
representing the entire Indian
population.
 SIR SAYYID AHMED KHAN- EDUCATIONAL
SERVICES
• The most prominent leader of the
time.
• Suggested to all Indian Muslims to
adopt modern British Education
System.
• Established: MAO School
Aligarh(1875)-Upgraded to
college(1877).
• Muhammadan Educational
Conference was instituted in 1886.
• Islamia college Lahore,
• Sindh Madrasa tu Islam Karachi.
• Islamia College Peshawar.
SIR SAYYID AHMED KHAN-SOCIAL SERVICES
• Published: Magazine( Tehzeeb-ul-Ikhlaq) this served as his
organ of social reforms.
• Staunch advocate of Hindu-Muslim collaboration.
• Disagreed with the Congress philosophy of a single Indian
nationhood and its politics of agitation

• Wanted: The Muslims to acquire excellence in the field of

modern education and to address the government directly
for the safeguard of their rights.
 TURNING POINT: PARTITION OF BENGAL
• Vast British Indian Province
• Difficult to govern the province single handedly.
• Viceroy Lord Curzon decided to partition the province into
two parts
• 1905- The province demarcated-East Bengal, and Asam with
head quarters at Decca
• Partition was administrative based but proved beneficial for
Muslims.
• Hindus demanded the annulment of the partition.
• Due to violent protest of Hindus the partition decision was
annulled in 1911.
• This annulment gave the Muslims a lesson.

Lord George Curzon

 SIMLA MEETING ON OCTOBER 1, 1906
• 35 Muslim leaders had a meeting with
Viceroy Lord Minto.
• Briefed the demands of the Muslims.
• Viceroy’s attitude was encouraging and
sympathized.
• Demands: Joint Electorates, Some other
demands
• Government of India act 1909:
according to this the demands were
granted- Known as Minto- Morley
Reforms
• It was the political start of two nation
theory.
Viceroy Lord Minto
ALL INDIA MUSLIM LEAGUE-30TH DEC, 1906
• Formed in Dhaka

Objectives:
• To safeguard the interests of Indian Muslims
• To convey their demands to British
• To foster feelings of goodwill and understanding between
the Muslims and other communities.
• The changed circumstances demanded that Muslim league
should join hands with Congress to get rid of the foreign
rule.
 KEY POINTS
• The annulment of the Partition of Bengal in 1911.
• Incident of Cawnpore 3 August, 1913
• The Khilafat of Turkey was greatly venerated by the
Indian Muslims as the center of global Muslim
fraternity and the leader of the Muslim Ummah.
• The Indian Muslims were depressed and gloomy over
the plight of their Muslim brethren and were
infuriated against the British rulers.
 QUAID-E-AZAM’S INITIAL POLITICS
• Was a great advocate of the Indians’ right of
self-determination.
• This principle was known as “home rule”
• Believed that both political parties should
struggle together for freedom.
• Joined Muslim League in 1913
• Still worked on the unity of both communities.
• In Dec, 1915 Joint Session at Bombay
• Dec, 1916 in Lucknow

Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah

 CONTINUE….
• It was decided that a joint agreed scheme of constitutional reforms for
India. (Scheme known as Lucknow Pact 1916)
• Lucknow Pact: Self government for India, Separate Electorates.
• Jinnah was given the title of the “Ambassador of Hindu Muslim
Unity”
By Mrs. Sarojini Naidu
• However the spirit of the Lucknow Pact did not last long.
• A committee was formed for the review of the Lucknow Pact and for
framing new constitutional proposals.
• These proposals were named as Nehru Report-1928.
• As a disagreement Jinnah presented his 14 points-1929
• Congress arrogantly refused to accept the 14 points.
 THE SIMON COMMISSION
• Sent by the British government
• Object: prepared a constitutional formula, acceptable for both
parties
• Both Parties rejected.
• Round table was called upon on the suggestion of Jinnah
• 3 round table conferences were organized1930,31,32. London
• Jinnah along with Allama Iqbal and some other Muslim leaders
attended
• Congress did boycott of 1st session, 2nd attended , 3rd was also not
attended.
 COMMUNAL AWARD
• After the 2nd session the Round table
Conference the findings and recommendations
of the British government were formulated into
a “Communal Award” These proposals formed
the basis of Government of India Act 1935.

• Congress rejected all the reforms of this act

 ELECTIONS-FEBRUARY 1937
• Muslim League- won 109/485 Muslim seats
• Congress won absolute majority- 5/11 provinces- other 3
coalition government
• This period was marked with political corruption and
high handedness of the party over the government.
• Viddya Mandir and Ganhiji’s Wardha were not
acceptable for Muslims.
• Urdu Hindi conflict, Bande Matram as an official anthem.
• Provoked hatred against the Muslims
 WORLD WAR II- SEP 3, 1939
• British against Germany
• British Indian government followed suit two
days later
• Viceroy Lord Linlithgow requested the Indian
political parties to cooperate with the war
efforts of the British Government.
• Congress tried to avail this opportunity and
presented their pre-conditions.
 QUAID-E-AZAM'S STRATEGY
• Quaid-e-Azam said that Muslim League will only
cooperate if the government will assure the
independence of India at the at of the war.
• On the assurance of Viceroy, Muslim league pledged
to support the effort of Britshers in time of war.
• Congress resigned from the protest and this occasion
was marked as “Day of Deliverance” on 22nd
December,1939.
• The Muslim expressed relief at the termination of the
oppressive Congress Rule.
 THE LAHORE RESOLUTION 1940
• The Muslim League conducted their 27th annual
session on 23rd March 1940.
• The Tiger of Bengal A.K Fazal-ul-Haq presented a
resolution which was unanimously &
enthusiastically approved by the general body of
the participants on March 24.
• The most important part of the resolution read:
“Geographically contiguous unit be
demarcated into region… in which the
Muslim are numerically a majority, as in
the north-western & eastern zones of India,
shall be grouped to constitute independent
states in which the constituent units shall be Tiger of Bengal A.K Fazal ul Haq
autonomous & Sovereign.”
 CONTINUE….
• The resolution was originally called “Lahore
Resolution” and later on it was called “Pakistan
Resolution”.
• This name was adopted by an Indian press and
was picked by Quaid-e-Azam.
• In following 7 years the resolution was a sole
document.
• In April 1940, Muslim league adopted this
resolution as verbatim text as Muslim League’s
official ‘Mission Statement’ & made it the part of
their official manifesto.
• Some people objected that the Lahore resolution
was based on the demand of ‘states’, not a single Leaders of Muslim League Committee
state and it was absolutely silent on the question of
uniting the northwestern Muslim majority areas
of India with northeastern Muslim Majority areas,
into one state .
 CONTINUE….
• Involvement in World War-II impelled the British to
make an all our effort for the solution of Indian
problem.
• Since the Congress represented the majority community
and was in a better position to dictate her terms on the
British rulers and exploit matters to her benefit.
• It was only through the Quaid-e-Azam’s leadership, his
exceptional negotiation skills and his wise timely
decisions that the Muslims were able to overcome all
obstacles and make their way to independence
successfully and triumphantly.
 THE CRIPPS PROPOSALS (1942)
• The British had to face a tough time in the early years of War,
this made the support of Indian more necessary.
• Sir Stafford Cripps was member of British cabinet and an old
friend of Gandhi and Nehru was sent to India in 1942.
• The purpose was to explore the possibilities to compromise the
Indian political parties.
• Cripps carried was the creation of an Indian union after the
end of war.
• The Union will be given dominion status.
• The provinces will be given choice to rather join Indian United
or to create their own government.
• The Congress rejected the plan due to disintegration of India.
• The Muslim League also rejected the plan because it can not
fulfill the demand of Pakistan in clear terms.
Sir Stafford
Cripps
 CONTINUE….
• It was clear that the British was negotiating from the
weaker ground and it was crystal clear that the British
will leave the India.
• Noticing the weakness the congress working committee
called for ‘Quit India’ movement in 1942.
• They warn the government of India that in case of not
conceding the ‘Quit India’ movement they will resort
the Civil Disobedience.
• The Congress was banned and the leadership including
Gandhi was arrested on very next day.
 CONTINUE….
• The Muslim League adopted the moderate stance.
• Quaid-e-Azam as visionary leader got that if the British
leave India without dividing her the Muslim will be
totally on the mercy of Hindus.
• He gave his statement by saying that the Quit India
Movement is a blackmail Tactic and the Muslim league
will not allow the Congress to dictate its terms to the
Government and would not allow the British to leave
India without Dividing her..
 JINNAH-GANDHI TALKS 1944
• After the release of Gandhi from Jail on
Health Ground, He held the number of talks
with Jinnah on the question of Muslim
demands and the future political system after
the departure of British from India.
• A series of meeting were held from 9th to 27th
September at the Quaid Residence in Bombay.
The negotiation ended with no results.
• Gandhi was insisting that Quaid should join
hands with congress and should get rid of
Britishers together and later on they should
settle their internal issues through mutual
consultation.
• Quaid argued that the problem of separate
homeland should be settled before the leaving
of Britishers.
 THE SIMLA CONFRENCE
• Viceroy Lord Wavell had already declared that
he intended to establish an executive Council
in India which will act as Interim Government.
• The council will consist of all Indians except
defense minister and Viceroy himself.
• The Hindu and Muslim will be given equal
representation.
• The Viceroy held meeting with the Leading
politicians of India in a conference held in
Simla in June 1945.
• The Muslim League delegation was lead by
Quaid-e-Azam.

Lord Wavell
 CONTINUE…
• The Congress delegation include the number of Muslim Leaders
too.
• The Congress claimed that it is the National Party of India
representing all the communities of India.
• Congress demand that it should be given right to appoint members
on the seats reserved for Muslims in the Executive Council.
• Quaid-e-Azam said that the Muslim league have won all the bi-
election from past 2 years and only Muslim League have right to
appoint members on the quota specified for Muslims.
• Lord Wavell announced failure and broke the meeting
 ELECTION (1945-1946)
• Elections of the central and provincial
assemblies were held in the winter 1945-46.
• The Congress won an overwhelming majority
of the non-Muslim vote.
• Muslim vote turned out in great majority in
support of Muslim League.
• Surprisingly Muslim League won all the
Muslim seats in central legislature and 446/495
muslim seats in the provincial assemblies.
• The muslim voter shatter the claim of congress
as the only representative party of
subcontinent.
Quaid-e-Azam & Nehru
 CONTINUE…
• Election results, which according to Nehru,
manifested “religious hysteria "virtually
divided India into Two.
• The Muslim League was able to from
governments in Muslim Majority provinces
except the Punjab and NWFP
• In Punjab, the leader of the government
supported Unionist Party; Khizar Hayat
Tiwana was able to form government with the Quaid-e-Azam meeting a voter
help of Sikhs & Congress member. during 1945 election
• In NWFP Dr. Khan Sahib he was able to form
government with the help of Hindu members
of Congress.
 THE MUSLIM REPRESENTATIVES’ COUNCIL &
THE DELHI RESOLUTION
• An All India Muslim League Legislatures’ Convention was
held in Delhi from 7th to 9th April 1946.
• About 500 members of elected Muslim League’s ticket
attended the Convention. The Convention adopted a
resolution called Delhi Resolution.
• It demand the that the Muslim majority provinces be
integrated into completely sovereign, independent state,
Pakistan.
• From Muslim league, this was the first of its kind which spoke
unambiguously about the state of Pakistan comprising all
Muslim provinces of the subcontinent.
 THE CABINET MISSION PLAN (1946)

Sir Stafford A.V

Lord Pethick Cripps Alexander
Lawrence

• In 1946, the British government sent three senior members of the British Cabinet as a last
attempt to preserve the unity of the Indian federation.
• These members include Lord Pethick Lawrence, Sir Stafford Cripps & A.V Alexander.
• The mission was entrusted with the difficult task of reconciliation between the congress and
the Muslim League.
• They discussed every matter with the high ranking political leaders including Quaid-e-
Azam.
 CONTINUE…

• Offers made by the mission members to both parties were turned

down one after the other.
• On May 16,1946, the cabinet Mission announced that the
proposals were final and could not be amended or negotiated
upon.
 SALIENT FEATURES OF A PLAN
Establishment of Union:
1. India will be a federation consisting of British Raj and princely states.
2. The federal government will control foreign affairs, defense & taxation.
3. Union will have its own Parliament & executive.
Provincial grouping:
4. The provinces were divided into 3 groups.
5. Group A: will consist of the 6 Hindu majority provinces.
6. Group B: will consist of 3 muslim majority provinces of the west i.e. Sindh, the
Punjab and the NWFP.
7. Group C: will consist 2 muslim majority provinces of east i.e. Bengal & Asam
 CONTINUE…
Internal Independence of the Provinces:
1. It was proposed that the members of Constituent Assembly will meet in 3
separate groups to make the constitution of their respective provincial groups.
2. 10 Years after the first elections, held under this constitution, the legislative
assemblies of the provinces will be free to decide weather to maintain its status
or it status or it wanted to opt out of the provincial group.
Formation of the Interim Government:
3. The Cabinet Mission also proposed that a provincial government be
established to run India till making and implementation of Constitution.
4. The Cabinet was to be all Indian.
 CONCLUSION
Muslim League :
• Muslim League accepted the plan with the hope that the Grouping scheme will
ultimately lead towards Pakistan.
Congress:
• Nehru interpreted the Plan as “an appeal and an advice”.
• He said that the constituent assembly, as a sovereign body(having a congress
majority, obviously) shall have the power to amend the plan.

Looking the Congress intention the Muslim League also decide to withdraw its
acceptance.
 INTERIM GOVERNMENT(1946-1947)
• Next step was the formation of an interim government for the
implementation of Cabinet Mission Plan.
• The formation of interim government proved difficult beyond
expectation.
• Muslim league after the betrayal of viceroy decided to
withdraw her approval of Plan.
• Seeing this congress immediately accept the plan and join the
interim government.
• The viceroy invited Muslim League to join interim
government.
• Muslim League accepted the offer in the larger Muslim
Interest.
 CONCLUSION

• The government did not function properly because both

parties had no willingness to cooperate.

• Each had to join the government only to let down the other
opponent.
 THE THIRD JUNE PLAN & THE CREATION OF
PAKISTAN (1947)
• The British Prime Minister Clement
Attlee made a statement in Parliament on
20th February 1947, that the British India
Clement Attlee
will be given independence by June 1948.
• Viceroy Lord Wavell was replaced by
Lord Mountbatten for the peaceful
transfer of power.
• After a prolonged negotiation lord
Mountbatten was able to work on
Partition Plan. Lord Mountbatten
• Both the Muslim League and the congress
approved the Partition Plan.
 CONTINUE…
• Lord Mountbatten immediately flew
to England to get approval from the
British Government on the plan.
• The partition plan was.
 CONTINUE…
• Lord Mountbatten immediately went to England for the approval of the Partition Plan
• The Partition Plan was announced on 3rd June 1947 by the Viceroy.
• After this lord Mountbatten announced that the transfer of power will held on 15 th
August 1947 rather than June 1947.
• Both the parties announced their acceptance for the plan by the mid of June.
• The Indians accept the Mountbatten as their first Governor General while Quaid-e-
Azam Decided to keep the Governor General office for himself, which annoyed the
Lord Mountbatten.
• The Punjab and Bengal assemblies voted for the independence of their provinces.
• The Sindh assembly and Baluchistan Jirga opt for Pakistan.
• While referendum was held in NWFP and majority of voters were reported to vote for
Pakistan.
• Dr. Khan Sahib and his Party boycotted the Referendum.
 CONTINUE…
• The British Government passed the Indian
Independence Act on 15th July 1947.
• Mountbatten announced a boundary commission
headed by Sir Cyril Radcliff for demarcation of
boundaries in Punjab & Bengal.
• The Boundary commission award was submitted to
Mountbatten on 17th August 1947 3 days after
creation of Pakistan.
• In which Pakistan was deprived from many muslim
majority areas over the substitutional changes made
Lord Mountbatten.
• In this way the original partition scheme of Partition
was shamefully betrayed only with a purpose to
please Congress Leadership.
Sir Cyril Radcliff
CONTINUE…
 CONTINUE…
• Lord Mountbatten flew to Karachi to transfer power to
Pakistan on August 14,1947.
• Quai-e-Azam Sworn as the 1st Governor General of
Pakistan.
• Liaqat Ali khan took over a 1st Prime Minister.
• Territory of the State of Pakistan was divided into two
parts.
• These two parts, known as East Pakistan & West
Pakistan, were separated by thousands miles of hostile
Indian land.
NOW A SHORT VIDEO ON
QUAID SWORNING AS
GOVERNOR GENERAL
 BRITISH COLONIALISM
• Before the advent of British, the muslim rulers had concentrated all
their attention to improve their internal governance, neglecting the
might of need of strong naval force.
• At that time seafaring was emerging as the most efficient way of
communication.
• The Indian rulers failed to understand it’s importance.
• Powerful western countries had conquered many Asian and African
countries on the might of their naval power.
• The British East India Company were established trading post in the
southern shores of India in 17th century.
• These post were growing in numbers and size becoming an arsenal
revealing their political intention.
 CONTINUE…
• Nawab Siraj-ud-Dolah of Bengal (martyred
1757) and Sultan Fateh Ali Tipu (martyred
1799) resisted their intention and became their
first victim.
• In 1857 the Britshers suppressed the uprising
Indian fighters.
• The brave Hindu and Muslim soldiers were
extremely disorganized without any central
command and lose.
• The British deposed the last Mughal emperor
Bah dur Shah Zafar, and deport him to
Rangoon.
• The East India Company was dissolved and
India came under British Queen directly.
Siraj-ud-Dolah Tipu Sultan
 CONTINUE…
• Two terms commonly used with reference to British are ‘Colonialism’ & ‘Imperialism’.
Colonialism:
• Colony is a country ruled by another country and occupying other countries is called
colonialism.
Imperialism:
• The policy of extending the rule of country is called Imperialism.

• Since the people of colonized country resist the rule of foreign country, so, to stop the
resistance of colonized country they use brutal forces eventually, turning the colonial system
into imperialism.
• The Britishers applied all their imperialistic tactics in the governance of India, called
“Golden Sparrow” plundering her continuedly for 300 year.
• British wanted to stay here for a long period of time, and they adopted many tactics, they
adopted the policy of “Divide & Rule”.
• They weaken the Hindu Muslim Unity turning their community against each other.
 CONTINUE…
• There is how the British Imperialistic tactics works against Hindu Muslim Unity:
Government:
• The Britishers deprived the muslim rulers from their centuries old authority by mean of
treachery and conspiracy.
• The Hindus were taking Britishers as their emancipators as they were in majority the
Britishers took this chance to gain their maximum support.
Education:
• The British up rooted the centuries old education system of the muslims and implemented
their own education system.
• This system produce clerks and low grade working staff.
• The Muslim resist this change thinking that this will make their new generation apparently
ignorant from their glorious past.
• Whereas the Hindus avail this opportunity and enter in the government serveries in
numbers.
• Sir Syed Ahmed khan a great leader of muslim wanted to change this conservative mindset
of muslims stablishing Aligarh College and MAO College.
 CONTINUE…
Politics:
• The Britishers ruled India for almost 3.5 century and during this
period the highest number of British was 40,000.
• Ruling a Populus country with this total number was a miracle
in history. This was sonly possible due to their extraordinary
skills of governance.
Infrastructure:
• The British introduced a number of infrastructure in India.
• They introduced world’s best irrigation system, metaled road,
telegraph, printing press, machine driven industry and modern
mining technique were introduced during British era.
 ROLE OF QUAID-E-AZAM IN CREATION OF
PAKISTAN CHRONOLOGICALLY
• Dec 25,1876 – Born in Karachi.
• 1882 – Education started at Home.
• 1887 – Admitted in Sindh Madras-atul-Islam, Karachi.
• 1892 – Married Emibai at the age of 16, Left Karachi for
Europe.
• 1893 – Joined Lincoln’s Inn, Emibai died at home.
• 1895 – Became Bar-at-law, Mother died at Karachi.
• 1896 – Returned to Karachi, Migrated to Bombay.
• 1897 – Enrolled as Advocate in Bombay High Court.
• 1900 – Appointed Personal Secretary to Dadabhoy Naoroji.
• 1909 – Father died, Elected to the Supreme Imperial
Council, Uncontested.
• 1910 – Elected to the Legislative Assembly, Bombay.
• 1912 – Attended All India Muslim League Council Meeting. Dadabhoy Naoroji
 ROLE OF QUAID-E-AZAM IN CREATION OF
PAKISTAN CHRONOLOGICALLY
• 1913 – Left for England, Founded London Indian association,
Joined All India Muslim League.
• 1915 – Initiated the move for setting up of a league-Congress
committee for Hindu Muslim Unity.
• 1916 – Presided over the All India Muslim league Lucknow
session, Lucknow Pact was signed, He got the title of
Ambassador of Peace.
• 1918 – Married Rattenbai at Calcutta.
• 1919 – Daughter Dina was born, Resigned from Imperial
Legislative Council as a protest against Rowlett Act.
• 1920 – Resigned from Congress.
• 1924 – Presided over the All India Muslim League session in
Lahore
• 1928 – Rattenbai died.
• 1929 – Muslim League rejects Nehru Report at its Delhi session, Rattenbai
Jinnah's 14 points were presented.
 ROLE OF QUAID-E-AZAM IN CREATION OF
PAKISTAN CHRONOLOGICALLY
• 1930 – Attended Round Table Conference.
• 1934 – Returned to India, get engaged in Politics, again elected to
the Central Legislative Council, Elected as the permanent President
of Muslim League.
• 1935 – Government of India Act, passed.
• 1940 – Lahore Resolution was passed.
• 1943 – Presided over All India Muslim League’s Karachi session.
Toured the sub-continent like a storm.
• 1944 – Jinnah-Gandhi talks.
• 1945 – Participated in Simla Conference. Elected to Central
Legislative Assembly.
 ROLE OF QUAID-E-AZAM IN CREATION OF
PAKISTAN CHRONOLOGICALLY
• 1946 – January 11, All-India Muslim League sweeps the polls in Muslim constituencies; Victory Day.
April 4, Meeting with Cabinet Mission
April 9, Called a convention of all Muslim members of the Central and Provincial Assemblies at Delhi
May 16, Cabinet Mission Plan announced, League accepts Cabinet Mission Plan. League also accepts
Short-Term(Interim Government) Plan
July, Conditional acceptance of Cabinet Mission Plan by Congress. Congress rejects Short- Term Plan.
Viceroy's volte face on the formation of Interim Government. All-India Muslim League withdraws earlier
acceptance, rejects Cabinet Mission Plan and announces boycott of Constituent Assembly. Called upon
Members to renounce all British titles and honors in protest against British attitude towards Muslims and
decides to launch Direct Action to wrest Pakistan
August 16, Direct Action Day
October 25, All-India Muslim League agrees to participate in the Interim Government
December 2, Reaches London on invitation from Secretary of State
December 6, British Government's clarification upholds League's viewpoint on Cabinet Mission Plan
 ROLE OF QUAID-E-AZAM IN CREATION OF
PAKISTAN CHRONOLOGICALLY
• 1947 – February 20, Prime Minister Attlee announces that the British would
relinquish power in India by June 1948.
June 3, Plan envisaging partition of India and establishment of Pakistan
announced. Jinnah's historic broadcast accepting the Plan.
July, Indian Independence Act passed by British Parliament.
August 7, Left Delhi for Karachi by air.
August 11, Elected President of Pakistan Constituent Assembly. Presidential
address in the Constituent Assembly. Title of "Quaid-e-Azam" conferred on him.
August 14, Pakistan comes into being; the Quaid-e-Azam sworn in as the first
Governor-General.
October, Set up headquarters at Lahore to supervise settlement of refugees in
Punjab.
December 25, First official birthday.
 ROLE OF QUAID-E-AZAM IN CREATION OF
PAKISTAN CHRONOLOGICALLY
• 1948 - July 1, Inaugurated State Bank of Pakistan;
gave a call for evolving a new economic system.
July 14, Left again for rest at Ziarat.

August 14, First Independence Day; last message to the

nation.

September 11, Returned to Karachi from Ziarat;

Breathed his last.