Poliomyelitis vaccine
• Presented to: Mam Khadija Batool
• Presented by : Syeda Eiman Zahra Zaidi
Poliomyelitis suffering
children
Poliovirus causing
poliomyelitis
Introduction to Polio:
• Polio is caused by a human “ enterovirus” is called “
poliovirus”
• virus is spread by the fecal- oral route
• Poliovirus is enter into the body by mouth and multiplies in
intestine
• Infected persons shed poliovirus into the environment for
several weeks,it can spread rapidly throughout the
community ,
• Most common in under sanitize or poor sanitation areas
• Poliomyelitis can affect any age ,but involves children ages
less than 5 years and can cause “ paralysis” or leads to
death
Symptoms of poliovirus:
• Sore throat
• Fever
• Headache
• Back and neck pain
• Stiffness
• Stomach pain
• Muscles weakness
• Tired body
Paralysis and mortality rate:
• Approximately “ 1 in 200 infections” results in
irreversible paralysis ,usually affecting legs.
• Among those paralyzed patients, 5%-10% may be die
due to immobilization of their breathing muscles
Source :
• Poliomyelitis virus contain three type of strain:
1. Mahoney strain ( type I)
2. MEF -1strain (type II)
1. Saukett strain (type III)
• They grow separately in culture of “Rhesus monkey kidney
tissue”
• in addition to these e types of strain that had been identified,
other paralysis producing strains undoubtedly exist
• Immunization with one type of virus does not provide
protection against other types
• Thus, current vaccine is trivalent preparation.
History of Poliomyelitis:
• Poliovirus is a prototypical and causative agent of
poliomyelitis
• It is non – enveloped virus with single stranded RNA genome
• In 18th century (1789),British physician “Micheal
underwood” provided first clinical description of polio
• German doctor “ Jakob Heine “ conducted a serious
investigation of the disease and confirmed it’s contagious
nature
• Before 2 century, Major epidemics of polio were rare.
Prevention and Vaccination :
• There is “ no cure “ for polio,it can be prevented
• However, Vaccination provide protection against polio
• The introduction of effective vaccines in “1950s and 1960s
marked as a turning point
• The first polio vaccine to be widely used in humans was
developed by American physician “Jonas Salk” in the early
1950s and his vaccination is known as “Salk’s vaccine”
• while , in 1960s second type of polio vaccine was introduced by
American microbiologist “Albert Sabin” And his vaccine is
knows as “ sabin’ s vaccine
Types of vaccines :
• There are about two types of vaccination of poliomyelitis
1. Inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) or “Salk vaccine”
Which is developed by Jonas Salk in 1950
2. Oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) or “ Sabin vaccine” which
is developed by Albert Sabin in 1960
Inactivated polio vaccine ( IPV) :
• IPV contain contain killed virus and is given by Injection
• The larger scale use of IPV began in in 1954,when it was
administered to American schoolchildren
• In the following years ,the incidence of polio in US fell from 18
cases per 100,000 to cases per 100,000
• It is an extremely safe vaccine and highly effective against
children polio
• It produces antibodies in the blood against poliovirus
• IPV requires trained health workers , as well as sterile
injection equipment and procedure
• It provide immunity in the blood
Oral poliovirus vaccine:
• In 1960s,a second type of vaccine known as “ OPV or Sabin vaccine “
was developed by Albert Sabin
• OPV contain live attenuated ( weakened) virus and is give orally
• It doesn’t require health professionals or sterile techniques
• OPV is easy to administered and for several weeks after
vaccination the virus is replicate in the intestine, excreted and can
spread to the others in close contact
• In areas with poor hygienic conditions, immunization with OPV can
result in passive immunization of people who have not been
vaccinated
Preparation of inactivated polio vaccine:
• To prepare “Salk vaccine” the virus strain are grown separately in cultures of
Rhesus monkey kidney tissue ,bathed by a complex nutrient fluid containing
more than 60 ingredients
• After incubation,the virus is harvested by decanting the nutrient fluid that is
clarified by filtration
• Then ,formaldehyde is added
• Formaldehyde treated virus at temperature 36 C and pH 7, untill all viruses are
killed
• Series of tests is performed to ascertain that all virus are inactivated
• Then formaldehyde is neutralized and preservative is added
• The 3 types of viruses ,are then pooled resultant mixture is trivalent vaccine
Preparation of Oral polio vaccine :
• For the preparation of “ Sabin vaccine “ , the method of
preparation is same as that of Salk vaccine
• The difference is that , in this vaccine the virus is not
treated with formaldehyde , instead the virus is
attenuated
Dose and dosage form:
• Usual dose of IPV is given subcutaneously,3 injections o 1ml, 4
or more weeks ,and a fourth reinforcing dose of 1ml ,6 to 12
months later.
• The usual administration dose of OPV involves an initial
administration of 2 doses at not less than 8 weeks interval .A
third dose, reinforcing dose is administered 8 to 12 months
later
• The volume of vaccine indicated on the label as representing
one dose is generally placed on a cube of sugar which is eaten
by the person to be immunized
Storage :
• Polio vaccine live oral is generally frozen
• When stored at a temperature of -10C ,the expiration date is
not later than 1year ,after date of manufacture
• It may be thawed and refrozen not more than 10 times,
provided that the thawed material is kept refrigerated and
the total cumulative duration of the thaw is not more than 24
hours
Immunization schedule:
• Unlike OPV ,IPV has limited ability to stop the spread of virus in a community
• This is why in polio endemic countries such as Pakistan, OPV is the
predominant vaccine used in the fight to eradicate the virus
• Combining OPV and IPV provide stronger protection against polio
• IPV strengthens immunity in the blood while OPV strengthens immunity in the
gut
• The IPV vaccine bas been introduced into the routine schedule across Pakistan
to give children the best protection against polio
• The current routine immunizations schedule recommends one dose of IPV and
multiple dose of OPV for full protection against polio
• Once polio is eradicated ,IPV is only the vaccine available for routine use
Vaccination schedule in pakistan
Available Brands of polio vaccine
IPOL ORIMUNE PICOVAX
ANY
QUESTION????????????
• Reference books:
• Tyler ( 10 edition )
• Community medicine by excel
