Department of

Computer Science and Engineering

IPL - OUTREACH 2024

C PROGRAMMING
Date: 11.05.2024 - 15.05.2024

Dr.P.Durgadevi,Assistant Professor(S.G)
 Agenda

 Operators in C

 Control Statements

 Conditional Statements (if, else if, else)

 Looping Constructs (for, while, do-while)

Dr.P.Durgadevi,Assistant Professor(S.G)
 Operators
• Need of Operators
 Operators in programming are symbols or keywords that represent
computations or actions performed on operands.
 Operands can be variables, constants, or values, and the combination of
operators and operands form expressions.
 Operators play a crucial role in performing various tasks, such as
arithmetic calculations, logical comparisons, bitwise operations, etc.
Basic classification of operators
 Arithmetic Operators
Topics
• Arithmetic Operators
• Operator Precedence
• Evaluating Arithmetic Expressions
• In-class Project
• Incremental Programming

Dr.P.Durgadevi,Assistant Professor(S.G)
 Arithmetic Operators in C

 Name Operator Example

 Addition + num1 +
num2
 Subtraction - initial - spent
 Multiplication * fathoms * 6
 Division / sum / count
 Modulus % m%n
Dr.P.Durgadevi,Assistant Professor(S.G)
 Division
• If both operands of a division
expression are integers, you will get an
integer answer. The fractional portion
is thrown away.
• Examples : 17 / 5 = 3
 4 / 3 = 1
 35 / 9 = 3

Dr.P.Durgadevi,Assistant Professor(S.G)
 Division (con’t)
• Division where at least one operand is a
floating point number will produce a
floating point answer.
• Examples : 17.0 / 5 = 3.4
 4 / 3.2 = 1.25
 35.2 / 9.1 = 3.86813
• What happens? The integer operand is
temporarily converted to a floating
point, then the division is performed.
Dr.P.Durgadevi,Assistant Professor(S.G)
 Division By Zero
• Division by zero is mathematically
undefined.
• If you allow division by zero in a program, it
will cause a fatal error. Your program will
terminate execution and give an error
message.
• Non-fatal errors do not cause program
termination, just produce incorrect results.
 Common examples of fatal errors include segmentation faults, invalid
memory accesses, and divide-by-zero errors.
 Examples of non-fatal errors include input validation errors, file-not-found
errors, and network connection failures.
Dr.P.Durgadevi,Assistant Professor(S.G)
 Modulus
• The expression m % n yields the integer
remainder after m is divided by n.
• Modulus is an integer operation -- both
operands MUST be integers.
• Examples : 17 % 5 = 2
 6%3 = 0
 9%2 = 1
 5%8 = 5
Dr.P.Durgadevi,Assistant Professor(S.G)
 Uses for Modulus
• Used to determine if an integer value is even or odd
 5 % 2 = 1 odd 4 % 2 = 0 even
 If you take the modulus by 2 of an integer, a result of
1 means the number is odd and a result of 0 means
the number is even.

Dr.P.Durgadevi,Assistant Professor(S.G)
 Arithmetic Operators
Rules of Operator Precedence

Operator(s) Precedence & Associativity

Evaluated first. If nested (embedded),

() innermost first. If on same level, left to right.

* / % Evaluated second. If there are several,

evaluated left to right

Evaluated third. If there are several, evaluated

+ - left to right.

= Evaluated last, right to left.

Dr.P.Durgadevi,Assistant Professor(S.G)
 Using Parentheses
• Use parentheses to change the order in which an
expression is evaluated.

• a+b*c Would multiply b * c first, then add a to

the result.

• If you really want the sum of a and b to be multiplied

by c, use parentheses to force the evaluation to be
done in the order you want.
 (a + b) * c
• Also use parentheses to clarify a complex expression.

Dr.P.Durgadevi,Assistant Professor(S.G)
 Practice With Evaluating
Expressions
 Given integer variables a, b, c, d, and e,
where a = 1, b = 2, c = 3, d = 4,
 Evaluate the following expressions:
 a+b-c+d
 1. a + ba -*c b
+ d/=c4
 2. a * b1 /+c a= 0* b % c
3. 1 + a * b % c = 3
 4. a + da %+ bd- %c =b
-2- c
 5. e = eb ==db+ =c /db +- a,ce/=b4 - a

Dr.P.Durgadevi,Assistant Professor(S.G)
 A Sample Project
• Let’s write a program that computes and
displays the volume and surface area of a
cube.
• Procedure:
– Use the pseudocode/algorithm
– Convert the algorithm to code
– Clean up the code (spacing, indentation,
commenting)

Dr.P.Durgadevi,Assistant Professor(S.G)
 The Box - Pseudocode
Display “Enter the height: “
Read <height>
While (<height> <= 0 )
Display “The height must be > 0”
Display “Enter the height: “
Read <height>
End_while

Dr.P.Durgadevi,Assistant Professor(S.G)
The Box - Pseudocode (con’t)
Display “Enter the width: “
Read <width>
While (<width> <= 0 )
Display “The width must be > 0”
Display “Enter the width: “
Read <width>
End_while

Dr.P.Durgadevi,Assistant Professor(S.G)
The Box - Pseudocode (con’t)
Display “Enter the depth: “
Read <depth>
While (<depth> <= 0 )
Display “The depth must be > 0”
Display “Enter the depth: “
Read <depth>
End_while

Dr.P.Durgadevi,Assistant Professor(S.G)
 The Box - Pseudocode (con’t)
<volume> = <height> X <width> X <depth>

<surface1> = <height> X <width>

<surface2> = <width> X <depth>
<surface3> = <height> X <depth>
<surface area> = 2 X (<surface1> + <surface2> + <surface3>)

Dr.P.Durgadevi,Assistant Professor(S.G)
The Box - Pseudocode (con’t)
Display “Height = “, <height>
Display “Width = “, <width>
Display “Depth = “, <depth>
Display “Volume = “, <volume>
Display “Surface Area = “, <surface area>

Dr.P.Durgadevi,Assistant Professor(S.G)
 Good Programming Practice
• It is best not to take the “big bang” approach to
coding.
• Use an incremental approach by writing your code in
incomplete, yet working, pieces.
• For example, for your projects,
– Don’t write the whole program at once.
– Just write enough to display the user prompt on the
screen.
– Get that part working first (compile and run).
– Next, write the part that gets the value from the
user, and then just print it out.
Good Programming Practice
– Get that working (compile and run).
– Next, change the code so that you use the value in a
calculation and print out the answer.
– Get that working (compile and run).
– Continue this process until you have the final
version.
– Get the final version working.

Always have a working

version of your program!

Dr.P.Durgadevi,Assistant Professor(S.G)
 Using the Incremental
Approach
• Let’s think about how we could have
developed the volume and surface area
program incrementally.

Dr.P.Durgadevi,Assistant Professor(S.G)
 Operator
Definition

An operator is a symbol that operates on a value or a

variable

Operator Types

Arithmetic operators
Relational operators
Logical operators
Bitwise operators
Assignment operators
Conditional operators
Special operators

16-07-2020 Department of Computer Science and Engineering

 Operator-Types
Arithmetic operators

Operator Meaning of Operator

+ addition or unary plus

- subtraction or unary minus

* multiplication

/ division

remainder after division

%
(modulo division)

16-07-2020 Department of Computer Science and Engineering

 Operator-Types
Arithmetic operators
/ Working of arithmetic operators
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a = 9,b = 4, c;
c = a+b;
printf("a+b = %d \n",c);
c = a-b;
printf("a-b = %d \n",c);
c = a*b;
printf("a*b = %d \n",c);
c = a/b;
printf("a/b = %d \n",c);
c = a%b;
printf("Remainder when a divided by b = %d \n",c);

return 0;
}

16-07-2020 Department of Computer Science and Engineering

 Operator-Types
Relational operators

Operator Meaning of Operator Example

5 == 3 is evaluated to
== Equal to
0

5 > 3 is evaluated to
> Greater than
1

5 < 3 is evaluated to
< Less than
0

5 != 3 is evaluated to
!= Not equal to
1

Greater than or equal 5 >= 3 is evaluated to

>=
16-07-2020 to Department of Computer Science and Engineering
1
 Operator-Types
Relational operators
// Working of relational operators
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a = 5, b = 5, c = 10;
printf("%d == %d is %d \n", a, b, a == b);
printf("%d == %d is %d \n", a, c, a == c);
printf("%d > %d is %d \n", a, b, a > b);
printf("%d > %d is %d \n", a, c, a > c);
printf("%d < %d is %d \n", a, b, a < b);
printf("%d < %d is %d \n", a, c, a < c);
printf("%d != %d is %d \n", a, b, a != b);
printf("%d != %d is %d \n", a, c, a != c);
printf("%d >= %d is %d \n", a, b, a >= b);
printf("%d >= %d is %d \n", a, c, a >= c);
printf("%d <= %d is %d \n", a, b, a <= b);
printf("%d <= %d is %d \n", a, c, a <= c);
return 0;
}
16-07-2020 Department of Computer Science and Engineering
 Operator-Types
Logical operators

Operato
Meaning of Operator Example
r

If c = 5 and d = 2 then,
Logical AND. True only
& expression ((c==5) &&
if all operands are true
(d>5)) equals to 0.

Logical OR. True only if If c = 5 and d = 2 then,

|| either one operand is expression ((c==5) ||
true (d>5)) equals to 1.

!
Logical NOT. True only if If c = 5 then, expression !
the operand is 0 (c==5) equals to 0.

16-07-2020 Department of Computer Science and Engineering

 Operator-Types
Logical operators
/ Working of logical operators
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{ int a = 5, b = 5, c = 10, result;
result = (a == b) && (c > b);
printf("(a == b) && (c > b) is %d \n", result);
result = (a == b) && (c < b);
printf("(a == b) && (c < b) is %d \n", result);
result = (a == b) || (c < b);
printf("(a == b) || (c < b) is %d \n", result);
result = (a != b) || (c < b);
printf("(a != b) || (c < b) is %d \n", result);
result = !(a != b);
printf("!(a == b) is %d \n", result);
result = !(a == b);
printf("!(a == b) is %d \n", result);
return 0;}

16-07-2020 Department of Computer Science and Engineering

 Operator-Types
Bitwise operators

Operators Meaning of operators

& Bitwise AND

| Bitwise OR

^ Bitwise exclusive OR

~ Bitwise complement

<< Shift left

>> Shift right

16-07-2020 Department of Computer Science and Engineering

 Operator-Types
Assignment operators

Operat Exampl
Same as
or e

= a=b a=b

+= a += b a = a+b

-= a -= b a = a-b

*= a *= b a = a*b

/= a /= b a = a/b

%= a %= b a = a%b

16-07-2020 Department of Computer Science and Engineering

 Operator-Types
Assignment operators
// Working of assignment operators
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{ int a = 5, c; c = a; // c is 5
printf("c = %d\n", c);
c += a; // c is 10
printf("c = %d\n", c); c -= a;
// c is 5 printf("c = %d\n", c);
c *= a; // c is 25
printf("c = %d\n", c); c /= a; // c is 5
printf("c = %d\n", c); c %= a; // c = 0
printf("c = %d\n", c);
return 0;
}

16-07-2020 Department of Computer Science and Engineering

 Special Operator
Conditional operators

Operator Meaning of operators

?: Conditional Expression

Comma operators

Operator Meaning of operators

, used to link related expressions
together

16-07-2020 Department of Computer Science and Engineering

 Special Operator
The sizeof operators

Operato
Meaning of operators
r
sizeof a unary operator that returns the size of data (constants, variables,
array, structure, etc).

16-07-2020 Department of Computer Science and Engineering

 Special Operator
The sizeof operators

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a; float b; double c; char d;
printf("Size of int=%lu bytes\n",sizeof(a));
printf("Size of float=%lu bytes\n",sizeof(b));
printf("Size of double=%lu bytes\
n",sizeof(c)); printf("Size of char=%lu
byte\n",sizeof(d)); return 0;
}

16-07-2020 Department of Computer Science and Engineering

 Special Operator
Increment / Decrement operators

Operator Meaning of operators

++ Increment Operator

-- Decrement Operator

Note:
Increment ++ increases the value by 1 whereas decrement -- decreases the value
by 1. These two operators are unary operators, meaning they only operate on a
single operand

16-07-2020 Department of Computer Science and Engineering

 Special Operator
Increment / Decrement operators

/ Working of increment and decrement operators

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{ int a = 10, b = 100;
float c = 10.5, d = 100.5;
printf("++a = %d \n", ++a);
printf("--b = %d \n", --b);
printf("++c = %f \n", ++c);
printf("--d = %f \n", --d);
return 0;
}
16-07-2020 Department of Computer Science and Engineering
 Expressions
An expression is a formula in which operands are linked to each other by
the use of operators to compute a value.

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 Types of Expressions

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 Expressions Examples
Constant expressions: Constant Expressions consists of only constant
values. A constant value is one that doesn’t change.

Examples: 5, 10 + 5 / 6.0, 'x’

Integral expressions: Integral Expressions are those which produce integer

results after implementing all the automatic and explicit type conversions.

Examples: x, x * y, x + int( 5.0)

Floating expressions: Float Expressions are which produce floating point

results after implementing all the automatic and explicit type conversions.

Examples: x + y, 10.75 where x and y are floating point variables

16-07-2020 Department of Computer Science and Engineering

 Expressions Examples
Relational expressions: Relational Expressions yield results of type which
takes a value true or false.

Examples: x <= y, x + y > 2

Logical expressions: Logical Expressions combine two or more relational

expressions and produces bool type results.

Examples: x > y && x == 10, x == 10 || y == 5

Bitwise expressions: Bitwise Expressions are used to manipulate data at bit

level. They are basically used for testing or shifting bits.

Examples: x << 3 - shifts three bit position to left

y >> 1 - shifts three bit position to left

16-07-2020 Department of Computer Science and Engineering

 Real time Uscases for Operators

Question: In a banking application, you need to calculate compound

interest for various account types. Which C operators would be useful for
performing arithmetic calculations on principal, interest rate, and time?

CLICK

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

 Real time Uscases for Operators

Question: A manufacturing company needs to determine whether a

machine is operating efficiently based on its temperature readings. Which C
operators would be appropriate for comparing temperature values?

CLICK

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

 Real time Uscases for Operators

Question: You are developing a game where the player's score increases
based on their performance. Which operators in C would be handy to
increment and decrement the player's score?

CLICK

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

Thank You

Department of Computer Science and Engineering