dominance
and
Incomplete
Dominance
Incomplete Dominance
refers to a genetic
situation in which one
allele doesn’t
completely blend to
another allele.
Codominance is a pattern
of inheritance where both
alleles of two traits are
equally blend
When more than two
different form of gene exist
in a species they are called
as___________________”
What can you say about the
video??And how can you relate
that video in our lesson about
genetics?
Did you know that your father
determines your sex?
All of us have seen a bald man. But
very few of us seen have seen a
naturally bald woman.
Lactation or milk production is
expressed in woman but never in
men.
So It appears that there are inherited
characters whose expressions are
determined by sex
Have you heard the word
HEMOPHILIA?
Hemophilia is a rare disorder in which
your blood doesn't clot normally
because it lacks sufficient blood-clotting
proteins (clotting factors). If you
have hemophilia, you may bleed for a
longer time after an injury than you
would if your blood clotted normally.
Hemophilia is sometimes referred to as
“the royal disease,” because it affected
the royal families of England, Germany,
Russia and Spain in the 19th and
20th centuries.
Victoria (Alexandrina
Victoria; was Queen
of the United Kingdom
of Great Britain and
Ireland from 20 June
1837 until her death.
Queen Victoria of England, who ruled
from 1837-1901, is believed to have
been the carrier of hemophilia. She
passed the trait on to three of her nine
children. Her son Leopold died of a
hemorrhage after a fall when he was
30. Her daughters Alice and Beatrice
passed it on to several of their children.
The New Testament of the Bible
mentioned a woman who had
hemorrhaged for 12 years, before
touching the hem of Jesus’
garment, when she was healed.
The genes associated with
these conditions are located on
the X chromosome, which is
one of the two sex
chromosomes.
SEX-RELATED
INHERITANCE
Meiosis- is a type of cell division that
reduces the chromosomes number by half.
after meiosis female on produce one kind of
sex cells a 22X egg. Males on the other hand
produce only two kinds of sex cell a 22X
sperm and a 22Y sperm.
• There are 23 pairs of
chromosomes and
one of those pairs are
the sex
chromosomes.
• There are either X
chromosomes or Y
chromosomes.
• The X and Y sex chromosomes carry the genes
that determine your gender
• Men have a combination of X and Y sex
chromosomes.
• Women have two X
XY
chromosomes. XX
This is what they look like
Before we move on,
• Draw a Punnett square
to show the probability
of having a boy in any
given pregnancy.
• Remember boys are XY
and girls are XX
SEX-RELATED
INHERITANCE
Sex limited
Sex influenced
Sex linked traits
Expression of Lactation in Cattle
L – for lactating
Fan like tail feather in peacocks
Expression of Pattern Baldness in
Humans
Male Genotype Male Phenotypes
XYBB Male bald
XYBb Male bald
XYbb Male non bald
Female Genotypes Female Phenotypes
XXBB Female bald
XXBb Female non bald
XXbb Female non bald
Pattern baldness is a sex
influenced trait. Under
heterozygous condition. Bb males
are bald while females are not
bald.
Is it possible of the
woman to be bald too?
● Gout (gouty arthritis) facts. Gout is a type
of arthritis that causes inflammation, usually
in one joint, that begins suddenly. Gouty
arthritis is caused by the deposition of
crystals of uric acid in a joint.
In what ways are sex limited and
sex influenced character similar?
What is the difference between
the two?
Sex Linked Genes
• These • Genes that are
chromosomes not carried by either
only carry the sex chromosome
genes that (X or Y) are said
determine male to be SEX
and female traits, LINKED
but also those for
some other
characteristics as
well.
Sex-linked traits are genetic
characteristics determined by genes
located on sex chromosomes. Sex
chromosomes are found within our
reproductive cells and determine the
sex of an individual.
X-Linked Recessive Traits
In X-linked recessive traits, the phenotype
is expressed in males because they only
have one X chromosome. The phenotype
may be masked in females if the second X
chromosome contains a normal gene for
that same trait. An example of this can be
seen in hemophilia.
Males
• Men normally have an
X and a Y
combination of sex
chromosomes.
• Since only men inherit
the Y chromosome,
they are the only ones
that inherit Y-linked
traits.
Females
• Women have
2X
chromosomes
X Linked Traits
• Men and Women
can get the X-
linked traits,
Why?
Because they
both inherit X
chromosomes.
Sex inheritance patterns for male
and female children
X Chromosome Traits
• Men only have one
X chromosome
• Therefore genes XAY dominant, shown
XaY recessive, shown
on that
chromosome are
expressed in the
male phenotype,
even if it is a
recessive gene.
X-linked traits
• In women, a recessive allele on one X
chromosome is often masked on their
phenotype. Why?
• Because dominant normal allele may be
present on the other X chromosome.
• If the woman is heterozygous for the X-
linked disease, she is said to be a carrier.
This means she does not have the disease,
but can pass it to her children.
XA XA dominant, shown
XA Xa dominant masks the recessive, shown
Xa Xa recessive, not shown
Hemophilia
• An X-linked
genetically inherited
recessive disease
• Can not clot their
blood
• Severe bleeding from
minor cuts
• Mostly in males
Red-Green Color Blindness
• X-linked
• Cannot perceive the difference
between red and green
• Color blindness (or, more accurately,
color vision deficiency) is an inherited
condition that affects males more
frequently than females.
Color blindness occurs when
light-sensitive cells in the retina
fail to respond appropriately to
variations in wavelengths of light
that enable people to see an
array of colors.
Muscular Dystrophy (MD)
• Characterized by a gradual irreversible
wasting away of skeletal muscle.
• An X-linked trait most often passed on to
sons from their mothers.
• Begins to weaken the legs of boys by age
3 and gets worse every year.
• No cure and the individual afflicted with
the disease usually dies by age 30.
Y-linked Traits
• The Y chromosome is small and therefore
does not contain many genes
• Y linked diseases are very rare
• Only passed from father to son.
• Example: Male infertility or retinitis
pigmentosa (causes progressive loss of
sight.
Hypertrichosis Pinnae.
• Hairy ears
• Can happen later
in life.
• Y-linked
Why is it Recessive X-linked traits
appear more often in males than
females?
In what way are sex
influenced and sex-linked
character different?
Activity Time !!!!
Reporting
Play Time!!!
Give the three kinds of
sex related inheritance
What is the difference between the
two
The sex of an offspring is
determined by _____.
Females exhibit more sex-linked
disorders than males.
An X-linked condition cannot
have a male as a carrier
The total number of chromosomes
found within a human zygote is
__________
Which parent
determines the sex of a
baby?
What will be the sex of a child
produced when an egg is fertilized
by a sperm that has a Y
chromosome?
_____________genetic
characteristics determined by genes
located on sex chromosomes.
ASSIGNMENT!!!!
• research/ case study
about genetic diseases.
THANK YOU☺
