Frame System, Elements and Details- 03
311-Construction II
Kabul University
Engineering Faculty, Architecture Dep.
Kabul, Afghanistan
Sep, 2012
Concrete Slabs
Major Element of Frame Structure
Frame Structure is consist of many parts, that together they make
complete Frame structure.
Main Parts or Elements of Frame Structure:
1- Foundation
2- Column
3- Slab on Grade
4- Beam or girder
5- Slab
6- Stair
7- Shear wall
Slabs
1- Slab on Grade
2- One Way Slab
3- Two Way Slab
Slabs- There are Two Types of Slab
Slab on grade are PAVEMENTS not generally structural
elements
• Pavements pass loads through compression to the supporting soil
• As long as the soils deformations are low, there is negligible bending in the slab
Slabs on grade are deemed to be successful if there is little or no cracking
Floor slab: supported by beam and columns
Reinforcing Structural Concrete Slabs
A concrete slab that spans across parallel beams (one-way action)
is, in effect, a very wide beam.
The reinforcing pattern for such a slab is similar to the reinforcing
pattern in a beam, but with a larger number of smaller top and bottom
bars distributed evenly across the width of the slab.
Because the slab is wide, it has a large cross-sectional area of
concrete that can usually resist the relatively weak diagonal tension
forces near its supports without the aid of stirrups.
One-way slabs must be provided with shrinkage–temperature steel,
a set of small-diameter reinforcing bars set at right angles to, and on
top of, the primary reinforcing in the slab.
Structural Concrete Slabs
Their function is to prevent cracks from forming parallel to the
primary reinforcing because of concrete shrinkage, temperature-
induced stresses, or miscellaneous forces that may occur in the
building.
One -Way Slab
ONE-WAY Slab
Reinforcing for a one-way concrete slab
The reinforcing is similar to that for a continuous beam,
except that stirrups are not usually required in the slab,
and shrinkage - temperature bars must be added in
the perpendicular direction.
The slab does not sit on the beams; rather, the
concrete around the top of a beam is part of both
the beam and the slab.
A concrete beam in this situation is considered to be a
T-shaped member, with a portion of the slab acting
together with the stem of the beam, resulting in
greater structural efficiency and reduced beam depth.
One Way slab
Type of One Way Slabs
A one-way solid slab spans across parallel lines of support
furnished by walls and/or beams.
The walls and columns are poured prior to erecting the formwork
for a one-way slab, but the forms for the girders and beams are
nearly always built continuously with those for the slab, and
girders, beams, and slab are poured simultaneously as a single
piece.
One Way Slab
The girder and beam forms are erected first, then the slab forms.
The forms are supported on temporary joists and beams of metal
or wood, and the temporary beams are supported on temporary
shores (adjustable-length columns).
The weight of uncured concrete that must be supported is
enormous, and the temporary beams and shoring must be both
strong and closely spaced.
ONE- WAY Slab
After the reinforcing and formwork have been inspected, the girders,
beams, and slab are poured in a single operation, with sample
cylinders being made for later testing to be sure that the concrete is
strong enough.
One-way slab depths are typically 4 to 10 inches (100- 250 mm),
depending on the span and loading intensity. The top of the slab is
finished in the same manner as a slab on grade, usually to a steel
trowel finish, and the slab is sealed or covered for damp curing
Pouring and Finishing the Slab on Grade
ONE- Way Slab
When the slab and beams have attained enough strength to support
themselves safely, the formwork is stripped and the slabs and
beams
are re-shored with vertical props to relieve them of loads until they
have reached full strength, which will take several more week.
Meanwhile, the formwork and the remainder of the shoring are
cleaned and moved up a level above the slab and beams just
poured, where the cycle of forming, reinforcing, pouring, and
stripping is repeated.
TWO Way Slab
Two-Way Slab Action
A structural economy unique to concrete frames is realized
through the use of two-way action in floor and roof slabs.
Two-way slabs, which work best for bays that are square or nearly
square, are reinforced equally in both directions and share the
bending forces equally between the two directions.
This allows two-way slabs to be somewhat shallower than one-
way slabs, to use less reinforcing steel, and thus to cost less.
Figures illustrates the concept of two-way action Several different
two-way concrete framing systems will be shown in detail
Two-Way Slabs
Two Ways Slab
One way Slabs Two way Slabs
TWO- WAY Slab
Two-way concrete framing systems are generally more economical
than one way systems in buildings where the columns can be
spaced in bays that are square or nearly square in proportion.
A two-way solid slab is a rarely seen system, occasionally used for
very heavily loaded industrial floors, in which the slab is supported
by a grid of beams running in both directions over the columns.
Most two-way floor and roof framing systems, however, even for
heavy loadings, are made without beams.
The slab is reinforced in such a way that the varying stresses
in the different zones of the slab are accommodated within a uniform
thickness of concrete.
This simplifies formwork construction and reinforcing bar patterns
considerably.
Two way Slabs
Formwork is, in fact, designed by a contractor of structural
engineers just as carefully as it would be if it were a permanent
building, because a structural failure in formwork is an intolerable
risk to workers and property.
Edges of concrete structural elements are beveled or rounded by
inserting shaped strips of wood or plastic into the corners of the
formwork to produce the desired profile.
This is done because sharp edges of concrete often break off
during form stripping to leave a ragged edge that is almost
impossible to patch. In service, sharp edges are easily damaged
by, and are potentially damaging to, people, furniture, and
vehicles.
TWO- WAY Slab
The two-way flat slab a system suited to heavily loaded buildings
such as storage and industrial buildings, illustrates this concept.
The reinforcing is laid in both directions in half-bay-wide strips of
two fundamental types: Column strips are designed to carry the
higher bending forces encountered in the zones of the slab that
cross the columns.
TWO- WAY Slab
Middle strips have a lighter reinforcing
pattern. temperature steel is not needed
in two-way systems because the concrete
must be reinforced in both directions to
resist bending.
In more lightly loaded buildings, such as
hotels, hospitals, dormitories, and
apartment buildings, the slab need not
be thickened at all over the columns.
TWO- WAY Slab
The two-way flat slab a system suited to heavily
the slab need not be thickened at all over the columns.
This makes the formwork
extremely simple and even
allows some columns to be
moved off the grid a bit if it
will facilitate a more
efficient floor plan arrangement
The completely at ceilings
of this system allow room
partitions to be placed
anywhere with equal ease.
TWO- WAY Slab
Because there are no beams and girders, only a thin slab, the story
heights of the building may be kept to an absolute minimum, which
reduces the cost of exterior cladding.
Typical slab depths for this two-way flat plate system range from 5 to
12 inches (125- 305 mm). The zones along the exterior edges of
both the two-way at slab system and the two-way flat plate system
require special attention.
TWO- WAY Slab
To take full advantage of structural continuity, the slabs should be
cantilevered beyond the last row of columns a distance equal to
about 30 percent of the interior span.
If such a cantilever is impossible, additional reinforcing must be
added to the slab edges to carry the higher stresses that will result.
TWO- WAY Slab
Because a two-way at plate has no drop panel, it requires additional
reinforcing bars in the slab at the top of each column to resist the
high shear stresses that occur in this region.
Alternatively, a proprietary system of vertical steel studs may be
installed in the formwork at each column head to act as stirrups and
replace a much larger volume of horizontal bars.
TWO- WAY Slab
Curing
