KONKAN GYANPEETH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, KARJAT
Artificial Intelligence & Data Science Engineering
Engineering Mathematics - IV
Mini Project Title: QUADRATICS FORMS
Semester IV
Academic Year: 2023-24
KONKAN GYANPEETH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,
KARJAT
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mini project of Engineering Mathematics - 4 submitted by:
1. Anshu Gupta
2. Abhishek Kanojiya
3. Mohit Bhosale
4. Anish Mokashi
Project Title: QUADRATIC FORMS
have satisfactorily completed the same as a partial fulfilment of the Project work for the S. E. ARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENCE AND DATA SCIENCE degree as specified by UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI during semester
IV of the ACADEMIC YEAR – 2023-2024
Subject In-charge Head of the Department Principal
Konkan Gyanpeeth College of Engineering, Karjat. Department of Artificial Intelligence & Data Science
Quadratic Forms
Presenters:-
SR.NO Name Roll No Batch
1 Anshu Gupta 20 A-01
2 Abhishek kanojiya 27 A-02
3 Mohit Bhosale 07 A-01
4 Anish Mokashi 38 A-02
Konkan Gyanpeeth College of Engineering, Karjat. Department of Artificial Intelligence & Data Science 3
Index
SR.NO Contents Page No.
1 Introduction 05-05
2 Definition & Formula 06-06
Solved Examples
3 07-08
4 Application 09-12
5 Conclusion 13-20
6 Conclusion 21-21
Konkan Gyanpeeth College of Engineering, Karjat. Department of Artificial Intelligence & Data Science 4
Introduction
🞂A homogeneous polynomial of second degree in any number of variables is called
a quadratic form.
🞂 For example,
• ax2 + 2hxy +by2
• ax2 + by2 + cz2 + 2hxy + 2gyz + 2fzx and
•ax2 + by2 + cz2 + dw2 +2hxy +2gyz + 2fzx + 2lxw + 2myw + 2nzw are
quadratic forms in two, three and four variables respectively. .
Konkan Gyanpeeth College of Engineering, Karjat. Department of Artificial Intelligence & Data Science 5
In n – variables x1,x2,…,xn, the general quadratic form is
In the expansion, the co-efficient of xixj = (bij + bji).
Konkan Gyanpeeth College of Engineering, Karjat. Department of Artificial Intelligence & Data Science 6
Hence every quadratic form can be written as
Konkan Gyanpeeth College of Engineering, Karjat. Department of Artificial Intelligence & Data Science 7
Solved Problems
Konkan Gyanpeeth College of Engineering, Karjat. Department of Artificial Intelligence & Data Science 8
Similarity of matrices:-
A square matrix B of order n is said to be a similar to a square matrix A of
order n if
B = M-1AM for some non singular matrix M. This transformation of a matrix
A by a non –
singular matrix M to B is called a similarity transformation.
Note:- If the matrix B is similar to matrix A, then B
has the same eigen values as A.
Konkan Gyanpeeth College of Engineering, Karjat. Department of Artificial Intelligence & Data Science 9
Solved Problems
Reduce the matrix A = to diagonal form by
similarity transformation. Hence find A3.
Solution:-Characteristic equation is =>
λ = 1, 2, 3
Hence eigen values of A are 1, 2, 3
Konkan Gyanpeeth College of Engineering, Karjat. Department of Artificial Intelligence & Data Science 10
Corresponding to λ = 1, let X1 =
be the eigen vector then
Konkan Gyanpeeth College of Engineering, Karjat. Department of Artificial Intelligence & Data Science 11
Corresponding to λ = 2, let X2 =
be the eigen vector then,
Department of Artificial Intelligence & Data Science
Konkan Gyanpeeth College of Engineering, Karjat. 12
Corresponding to λ = 3, let X3
be the eigen vector then,
Konkan Gyanpeeth College of Engineering, Karjat. Department of Artificial Intelligence & Data Science 13
Hence modal matrix is
.
Konkan Gyanpeeth College of Engineering, Karjat. Department of Artificial Intelligence & Data Science 14
Now, since D = M-1AM
A = MDM-1
A2 = (MDM-1) (MDM-1)
= MD2M-1 [since M-1M
= I]
Konkan Gyanpeeth College of Engineering, Karjat. Department of Artificial Intelligence & Data Science 15
Similarly, = MD M 3 -1
A3
A3 =
Konkan Gyanpeeth College of Engineering, Karjat. Department of Artificial Intelligence & Data Science 16
Conclusion
The conclusion of a quadratic form depends on its coefficient and properties .
Quadratic forms can represent various mathematical concepts , such as equations
optimization problems or geometric form . If you have a specific quadratic form or
context in mind , feel to provide more details for a more tailored explanation
Konkan Gyanpeeth College of Engineering, Karjat. Department of Artificial Intelligence & Data Science 17
