TCP/IP Basics

Objectives
• Upon completion of this course, you will be
able to:
– Know about TCP/IP protocol suite
– Be familiar with commonly used IP network
devices
 Contents
• OSI Model and Layer Function
• TCP/IP Protocol Suite
• Transfer Control Protocol
• Internet Protocol
• Address Resolution Protocol
• IP Network Equipment
 Post System

Jim N.Y. Pekin

Tom

Post network

To Jim

Post code stamp

Destination address
 TCP/IP
Host A Host B

Internet

TCP/IP

• First used protocol suite

• Universal De-facto standard
• Internet standard communication
 OSI Model
Application Layer7
Upper layer Presentation Layer6
session Layer5

Layer4 Transport

Layer3 Network
Data layer
Layer2 Data link

Layer1 Physical
 Upper Layer Function
Example

Application Network User Interface Telnet

FTP

•Present data ASCII

Presentation •Encryption, EBCDIC
decryption JPEG
Keep different
Sessio applications Authentication
n independent
 Data Layer Function
Example

• Reliable and Unreliable transfer TCP

Transport • Use retransmission to ensure UDP
reliability SPX
Provide logical address and path-finding IP
Network method for the working of routers
IPX

• Combine bit to byte and byte to frame 802.3 /

Data Link • Access media by MAC address 802.2
• Error detection without error correction
HDLC
• Transfer bit between devices
Physical • Define voltage, bit rate, physical EIA/TIA-232
connection V.35
 Data Encapsulation
Application
Presentatio
Upper Layer n PDU
Session
Data

Transport
TCP Header Upper Layer Data Segment

IP Header Upper Layer Data Network Packet

MAC+LLC Header Upper Layer DataFCS Frame

Data Link

0101110101001000010 Physical Bits

 Data Decapsulation
Application

Presentatio
Upper Layer
n Session
Data

Transport Upper Layer

a d er Data
P He
TC
Network r TCP+ Upper Layer Data
e ad e
H
IP

IP + TCP + Upper Layer

Data Link ad er Data
He
LC
AC +L
M

Physical 0101110101001000010
 Contents
• OSI model and layer function
• TCP/IP protocol suite
• Transfer Control Protocol
• Internet Protocol
• Address Resolution Protocol
• IP Network Equipment
TCP/IP Model vs OSI Model

Applicatio
n
Presentati
on Applicatio
Session
n

Transport Transport

Network Internet

Data Link
Data Link
Physical
 TCP/IP Protocol Suite
F T S D T S
T E M N F N
P L T S T M
N P P P
E
T
Applicatio
n 21 23 25 53 69
Applicatio 161
TCP n UDP
Transport
6 17
ARP IP ICMP
Internet Data Link 1
0806 0800
Data Link
Ethernet II (RFC 894 )
 Contents
• OSI model and layer function
• TCP/IP protocol suite
• Transfer Control Protocol
• Internet Protocol
• Address Resolution Protocol
• IP Network Equipment
 Transport Layer
• Segment upper layer data
• Establish end to end connection
• Ensure the reliability of data transfer

Logical connection
 TCP Protocol
Bit 0 Bit 15 Bit 16 Bit 31

Source port (16) Destination port (16)

Sequence number (32)

Acknowledgement number (32) 20

Bytes
Header
length (4)Reserved (6)
Code bits (6) Window (16)

Checksum (16) Urgent (16)

Options (0 or 32 if any)

Data (varies)
 Port Number Range
F T S D T S
T E M N F N
P L T S T M
N P P P
E
Applicatio
T
n
Applicatio 21 23 25 53 69
Applicatio 161
n n
Transport TCP UDP
Transport
Internet
well-known port number :1-1023
Data Link common port number: 1024-65535
 Port Number Function
Source Port Destination Port
Number Number

Destination port = 23
Telnet Z Send packet to my
Process #1 client server Telnet
application
Telnet Z
Process #2
Port multiplexing

SP DP
1028 23

1029 23
 Sequence and Ack Number

Sender Receiver
1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6
Send 1
Send 2
Send 3
Ack 4
Send 4
Send 5
Send 6
Retransfer 5
Send 5
Ack 7
 Code Bits
U A P R S F
R C S S Y I
G K H T N N

• URG: Urgent Pointer field significant

• ACK: Acknowledgment field significant
• PSH: Push function
• RST: Reset the connection
• SYN: Synchronize sequence numbers
• FIN: No more data from sender
 Window Control
Window size = 1
Send 1 Receive 1
Ack 2

Send 2 Receive 2
Sender Receiver
Ack 3

Window size = 3
Send 1 Receive 1
Send 2 Receive 2
Send 3 Receive 3
Sender Ack 4 Receiver

Send 4
Connection-oriented Session

TCP connection
Sender Receiver
Establish connection (synchronize)
1
Data transfer (Send Segments)
2

Tear down connection

3
 Establish Connection
TCP Three Way Handshake/Open Connection

Host A Host B

Send SYN
(seq=100 ctl=SYN) 1 SYN received
Send SYN, ACK
SYN received 2 (seq=300 ack=101 ctl=SYN,ACK)
Established
(seq=101 ack=301 ctl=ACK) 3 Established
 Data Transfer
SP DP Seq. # Ack. # Upper layer data

Host A Host B

SourceDest.
SourceDest. Seq.
Seq. Ack.
Ack.

SourceDest. Seq. Ack.

1028 23 102
102 301

23 1028 301 103

103

1028 23 103
103 302 SourceDest. Seq. Ack.

23 1028 302 104

104
 Tear Down Connection
• TCP four way handshakes/connection
terminating
Host A Host B
Close application FIN
1

ACK to FIN
2
FIN
3 Close application

ACK to FIN
4
 UDP Protocol
Bit 0 Bit 15 Bit 16 Bit 31

Source port (16) Destination port (16)

8
Bytes
Length (16) Checksum (16)

Data (if any)

• No sequence and acknowledgement

• Unreliable and connectionless
• Efficient and fast
 TCP/UDP Comparison

TCP UDP
Connection oriented Connection connectionless
Or connectionless oriented

Reliable or not Reliable unreliable

With traffic
Control Or not Traffic control No traffic control

Transfer speed Slow Fast

overhead of protocol Big Small

 Contents
• OSI model and layer function
• TCP/IP protocol suite
• Transfer Control Protocol
• Internet Protocol
• Address Resolution Protocol
• IP Network Equipment
 Internet/Network Layer
• Define logical address
• Provide path-finding method
routers
Applicatio
n
Transport TCP UDP
6 17
ARP IP ICMP
Internet Data Link 1

Data Link
 IP Packet Format
Bit
1 0 Bit 15 Bit 16 Bit 31
Version Header Type
(4) Length (4) of Service (8) Total Length (16)
Flags
Identification (16) (3) Fragment offset (13)

Time to live (8) Protocol (8) Header checksum (16) 20

Bytes
Source IP Address (32)

Destination IP Address (32)

Options (0 or 32 if any)

Upper layer data (varies if any)

 Type of Service Field

0 3 7

precedence D T R 0 0

Bits 0-2: Precedence

Bit 3: Delay
Bit 4: Throughput
Bit 5: Reliability
Bits 6-7: Reserved for future use
 MTU and Fragmentation
0 15 16 17 18

Identification (16) D M Fragment offset

0 F F (13)
Flags(3
)
Bit 16: Reserved, must be zero
Bit 17: (DF)0=May fragment, 1=Don’t fragment
Bit 18: (MF)0=Last fragment, 1=More fragment
Host B
Host A
RA RB
MTU 1000

Ethernet IP(1500) HDLC IP(750) Ethernet IP(750)

HDLC IP(750) Ethernet IP(750)

 IP Address
Host A Host B

Fei_1/1 Fei_1/2

172.16.2.1 172.16.2.1 10.6.24.2 10.250.8.11

0 7 8 15 16 23 24 31
Dotted
Decimal Network Host

Maximum 255 255 255 255

Binary 11111111111111111111111111111111

128

8
4
2
1
64
32
16
128

8
4
2
1
64
32
16
128

8
4
2
1
128

8
4
2
1

64
32
64
32

16
16
Internet Control Message Protocol

Applicatio
n
Transport

IP ICMP
Internet Data Link 1

Data Link
 PING and Reachability
Hi B, Host A Host B I am here.
are you there?
ICMP echo reply

Is B reachable?
ICMP echo request

no yes

Destination Unreachable ICMP echo request

• Host or port unreachable

• Network unreachable
 Time Exceeded and TTL
A: Tracert 10.1.1.2
1: 172.16.1.1
2: 200.1.1.2
Host A 3: 10.1.1.2 Host B
172.16.1.1 10.1.1.1
200.1.1.2
200.1.1.1
172.16.1.2 10.1.1.2
RA RB
TTL=1

TTL=2

TTL=3
 Contents
• OSI model and layer function
• TCP/IP protocol suite
• Transfer Control Protocol
• Internet Protocol
• Address Resolution Protocol
• IP Network Equipment
 Data Link Layer
• Combine bit to byte and byte to frame
• Access media by physical address (MAC
address)
• SAP associated with upper layer protocols
type
Applicatio • Error detection without error correction
n
Transport

ARP IP ICMP
Internet Data Link 1
0806 0800
Data Link
Ethernet II (RFC 894 )
MAC Address
Ethernet II frame (RFC 894)
Variable Length
# Bytes 8 6 6 2 46-1500 4
Preamble Dest. AddrSrc. Addr Type Data FCS

00.00.d0
xx.xx.xx
IEEE assign
to Sequence ID for NIC
Manufacture
rs
 Address Resolution Protocol

I need the MAC

address of IP I got the packet,
Host A Host B
172.16.3.2 I will reply with my
MAC address.

172.16.3.1 172.16.3.2

Other hosts
IP: 172.16.3.2 = ???

IP: 172.16.3.2
Ethernet: 0800.0020.1111
• Map IP to MAC
• Local broadcast
Packet Process Procedure
FTP client FTP server

ftp://10.66.1.100:21 I wanna download a file

SP:1024 DP:21 Seq.100 Ack.200

SIP:10.66.1.1 DIP:10.66.1.100,TTL=100, DF, Protocol=6

SA:01-00-39 DA:01-00-4A type=0800

01010010100010101010101010100010110111000101001
 Contents
• OSI model and layer function
• TCP/IP protocol suite
• Transfer Control Protocol
• Internet Protocol
• Address Resolution Protocol
• IP Network Equipment
 Hub — Work in Physical Layer
Signal !!
- Forward signal to all ports
except receive port
- Interconnect hosts in same
network
0101101
0101101 0101101

PC1 PC2 PC3

 Switch — Work in Data Link Layer
MAC Out
MAC1 1
MAC2 2

- Forward data according

to MAC address
- Interconnect hosts in
same network
MAC2 IP DATA MAC2 IP DATA

1.1.1.1 1.1.1.2 1.1.1.3

MAC1 MAC2 MAC3
Difference between Hub and Switch
100M 10 ports hub 100M 10 ports switch
bandwidth 100M bandwidth>100M*10*2

More
people
So many people!
more slowly
But it does not
matter
 Router — Work in Network Layer
NET OUT
1.0.0.0 fei_1/1
2.0.0.0 fei_1/2
- forward according to
fei_1/1 :1.1.1.254
fei_1/2 :2.2.2.254 destination IP address
MAC3
MAC3 - interconnect hosts in
different network
- collect routing information
MAC3 2.2.2.2 data MAC2 2.2.2.2 data
（ OSPF 、 BGP ）

1.1.1.1 2.2.2.2
G: 1.1.1.254 G:2.2.2.254
MAC1 MAC2
 Routing Switch
Router
I’m a switch?
I’m a router?

Interface fei_1/1 RS
ip add 1.1.1.254 255.255.255.0

Interface vlan10
ip add 1.1.1.254
switch 255.255.255.0

1.1.1.1/24 1.1.1.2/24 1.1.1.1/24 1.1.1.2/24

G:1.1.1.254 G:1.1.1.254 G:1.1.1.254 G:1.1.1.254
 Routing Switch Working Mode ——
Switching
vlan10:1.1.1.254 vlan20:2.2.2.254
MAC OUT
MAC4 MAC4 MAC4 vlan10
1 3 MAC4 vlan20
2 MAC1 P1

MAC2 1.1.1.2 data MAC2 1.1.1.2 data

The received frame’s

destination MAC address
is different from RS’s
1.1.1.1 1.1.1.2 2.2.2.2 MAC address , switching
G: 1.1.1.254 G: 1.1.1.254 G:2.2.2.254
MAC1 MAC2 MAC3
 Routing Switch Working Mode ——
Routing
MAC table
vlan10:1.1.1.254 vlan20:2.2.2.254
MAC INT
MAC4 MAC4 MAC4 vlan10
1 3 MAC4 vlan20
2

NET Out Hardware forwarding table

2.0.0.0 vlan20
DIP OUT
MAC4 2.2.2.2 data MAC3 2.2.2.2 data vlan10
1.0.0.0
2.2.2.2 P3

Route table

1.1.1.1 1.1.1.2 2.2.2.2

G: 1.1.1.254 G: 1.1.1.254 G:2.2.2.254
MAC1 MAC2 MAC3 routing once, switching for
several times
Comparison: Router and Routing Switch

Router Routing Switch

CPU + NP CPU + ASIC (Application Specific
Integrated Circuit)

Less ports, costly More ports, high cost performance

Applicable to network export Applicable to exchange data in large

LAN, routing capability is not as good
as the same level router
 Communication in the Same Network Segment
Suppose A will communicate with B
A judges that it is on the same network segment with B
MAC Port
A searches for the MAC address of B in ARP table 00:20:af:00:00:01 fei_1/1
A sends the ARP request packet to find the MAC address of B

Switch
ARP request
Fei_1/1 Fei_1/3
Dest MAC: ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
Fei_1/2
Source MAC:00:20:af:00:00:01

Dest IP: 192.169.1.2

Source IP: 192.169.1.1

A B C

IP: 192.168.1.1 IP: 192.168.1.2 IP: 192.168.1.3

MAC: 00:20:AF:00:00:01 MAC: 00:20:AF:00:00:02 MAC: 00:20:AF:00:00:03
 Communication in the same
network—ARP Response
MAC Port
00:20:af:00:00:01 fei_1/1
Switch 00:20:af:00:00:02 fei_1/2

Fei_1/1 Fei_1/3
Fei_1/2
ARP reply

Dest MAC:00:20:af:00:00:01

Source MAC:00:20:af:00:00:02

A B Dest IP: 192.169.1.1 C

Source IP: 192.169.1.2

IP: 192.168.1.1 IP: 192.168.1.2 IP: 192.168.1.3
MAC: 00:20:AF:00:00:01 MAC: 00:20:AF:00:00:02 MAC: 00:20:AF:00:00:03
 Communication of Same Network.

MAC Port
00:20:af:00:00:01 fei_1/1
Switch 00:20:af:00:00:02 fei_1/2

Fei_1/1 Fei_1/3
Dest MAC:00:20:af:00:00:02 Fei_1/2
Source MAC:00:20:af:00:00:01

Dest IP: 192.169.1.2

Source IP: 192.169.1.1

A B C

IP: 192.168.1.1 IP: 192.168.1.2 IP: 192.168.1.3

MAC: 00:20:AF:00:00:01 MAC: 00:20:AF:00:00:02 MAC: 00:20:AF:00:00:03
 Communication Between Different Networks
Suppose A will communicate with B
1 A judges that B is on a different network segment
2 A searches for the MAC address of GW in ARP Dest network interface
table 10.1.1.0 255.255.255.252 fei_1/1
10.1.1.4 255.255.255.252 fei_1/2
3 A sends packet to B, with the destination MAC 10.1.1.8 255.255.255.252 fei_1/3
Router
address of the GW

fei_1/3:10.1.1.10/30
fei_1/1:10.1.1.2/30 MAC:00:20:AF:00:00:05
MAC:00:20:AF:00:00:04
Dest MAC:00:20:af:00:00:04 fei_1/2:10.1.1.6/30
MAC:00:20:AF:00:00:05
Source MAC:00:20:af:00:00:01

Dest IP: 10.1.1.5

Source IP: 10.1.1.1

A B C

IP: 10.1.1.1/30 IP:10.1.1.5/30 IP: 10.1.1.9/30

G: 10.1.1.2 G: 10.1.1.6 G: 10.1.1.10
MAC:00:20:AF:00:00:01 MAC:00:20:AF:00:00:02 MAC:00:20:AF:00:00:03
Communication between different
networks
Dest MAC:00:20:af:00:00:02
Dest network interface
Source MAC:00:20:af:00:00:05 10.1.1.0 255.255.255.252 fei_1/1
10.1.1.4 255.255.255.252 fei_1/2
Dest IP: 10.1.1.5 10.1.1.8 255.255.255.252 fei_1/3
Router
Source IP: 10.1.1.1
fei_1/3:10.1.1.10/30
fei_1/1:10.1.1.2/30 MAC:00:20:AF:00:00:05
MAC:00:20:AF:00:00:04
fei_1/2:10.1.1.6/30
MAC:00:20:AF:00:00:05

A B C

IP: 10.1.1.1/30 IP:10.1.1.5/30 IP: 10.1.1.9

G: 10.1.1.2 G: 10.1.1.6 G: 10.1.1.10
MAC:00:20:AF:00:00:01 MAC:00:20:AF:00:00:02 MAC:00:20:AF:00:00:03
Communication Process
Get peer IP address

Whether in YES Is the peer MAC YES Data link layer

the same network address in ARP table? encapsulation
with peer

NO NO
Get peer MAC
Address by ARP Send data at
physical layer

YES YES
Is gateway Is the gateway MAC Data link layer
configured ？ address in ARP? encapsulation

NO NO
End
Get gateway MAC
Send error message
address by ARP
Summary
• OSI reference model
• TCP protocol suite
• Transport layer
• Network layer
• Data link layer
• IP network equipment
Thank you.