NATURE /CLIMATE AS DETERMINANTS OF BUILT FORM

RESPONSE TO NATURE /CLIMATE

ANCIENT CIVILISATIONS: NEED FOR SHELTER

INITIAL TENT STRUCTURES BY QASHGASI TRIBE

SUN WAS AT THE HEART OF

EGYPTIAN WORSHIP
 RESPONSE TO NATURE /CLIMATE
ANCIENT CIVILISATIONS: NEED FOR SHELTER

YURT TENT STRUCTURES

THE IGLOO NOMADIC TENTS

 RESPONSE TO NATURE /CLIMATE
ANCIENT CIVILISATIONS: NEED FOR SHELTER

BATAK VILLAGE IN SUMATRA: RICE STORES

 RESPONSE TO NATURE /CLIMATE
ANCIENT CIVILISATIONS: NEED FOR SHELTER

CITY OF BABYLON: CITY FAMOUS FOR COURTYARD

HOUSES, HANGING GARDEN, STRUCTURE TO
CELEBRATE AGRICULTURE & HARVEST SOLAR ENERGY
 RESPONSE TO NATURE /CLIMATE
ANCIENT EGYPTIAN CIVILISATION: NEED FOR SHELTER

MAINTAINING IRRIGATION &

CANAL SYSTEMS, ORIENTED
TO RIVER & SUN AS MAJOR
SOURCE OF ENERGY
 RESPONSE TO NATURE /CLIMATE
ANCIENT INDUS VALLEY CIVILISATION: NEED FOR SHELTER

ORIENTATION AS PER SUN & WIND

 RESPONSE TO NATURE /CLIMATE
ANCIENT CIVILISATIONS: NEED FOR COMFORT

GREEK COURTYARD HOUSE: MEGARON STONE BUILDING IN VERZASCA

 RESPONSE TO NATURE /CLIMATE
MEDIEVAL CITIES

JAISELMER: SECURITY &

CLIMATE

JAIPUR CITY: RESPONSE TO NATURAL EXISTING

ENVIRONMENT
 RESPONSE TO NATURE /CLIMATE
NEED FOR COMFORT

GREEK PARTHENON
PROVIDING VARIOUS TECHNIQUES OF
LIGHT & SHADE BY MANIPULATING EARLY DESERT MOSQUE: TIMBUKTU MALI
SIZE, SCALE REPITITION & REFINEMENT PROVIDED MAX SHADE FROM SUN WITH
OF PROPORTIONS FORBIDDING EXTERNAL WALLS & ARCADES
AROUND COURTYARD
RESPONSE TO NATURE /CLIMATE
CELEBRATION OF NATURAL ELEMENTS

PANCHMAHAL FATEHPUR SIKRI

PAVILION SUITED TO LOCAL CLIMATE

ALI QAPU PALACE IN ISFAHAN

AIRY FRONT PORCH PROVIDES
LIGHT & VENTILATION TO IT

PAGODAS: LARGE ROOFS PROTECT

FROM SUN, RAIN. PERMEABLE WALLS
 RESPONSE TO NATURE /CLIMATE
CELEBRATION OF NATURAL ELEMENTS
COLOSSEUM ROME

LONG POLES SUPPORTING ROPES TO SPREAD

AWNINGS AT TOP OF ARENA SHADING TECHNIQUE VELA
 RESPONSE TO NATURE /CLIMATE
CELEBRATION OF NATURAL ELEMENTS

EUROPEAN FACHWERK
HOUSE

VILLA ROTUNDA: CHANNELING COOL AIR

JAPANESE HOUSE: SHADING &

MUGHAL SCREENS: SOPHISTICATED DEVICES PROVIDE MODULATING LIGHT WITH TRANSLUCENT
SHADE, MODULATE LIGHT & ALLOW CROSS VENTILATION SCREENS & VERANDAHS.
 RESPONSE TO NATURE /CLIMATE
EXPLORATION OF MATERIALS & TECHNIQUES

HEALY HOUSE FLORIDA: WOODEN SLAT &

GLASS WALLS GIVING VARIABLE SHADES

THE IMMEUABLE VILLAS: SIX DOUBLE

FLOORS WITH STACKED GARDENS

PIERCE ARROW MOTOR CAR COMPANY BUILDING:

CONCRETE WALLS WITH LARGE WINDOWS FOR LIGHT
 RESPONSE TO NATURE /CLIMATE
EXPLORATION OF MATERIALS & TECHNIQUES

LE CORBUSIER : SALVATION ARMY IN PARIS

GLASS FAÇADE & ARTIFICIAL VENTILATION HAD TO BE
CHANGED LATER REPLACED WITH BRISE-SOLEILS
 RESPONSE TO NATURE /CLIMATE
EXPLORATION OF MATERIALS & TECHNIQUES

VILLA AL KUFA IN IRAQ: WIND SHAFT & COOLING TECHNIQUES

JEAN PROUVE DESIGN

WITH LIFTED ROOF
ADJUSTABLE LOUVRES
& LIFTER FLOOR FOR
MAXIMUM COMFORT
PAVILLION IN RIO BY REIDY: WITH
RAISED FLOOR & ROOF TO MINIMISE
HEATING
 RESPONSE TO NATURE /CLIMATE
TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS

HASAN FATHY: EXPLORED BUCKMINISTER FULLER: MODERN GLASS BOX;

VERNACULAR METHODS FOR USED THEIR ENGINEERING & COMPROMISING COMFORT
COMFORT STRUCTURAL SKILLS
 RESPONSE TO NATURE /CLIMATE
TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS: TURNING GREEN
NEW HEADQUARTERS OF COMMERZ BANK FRANKFURT: NORMAN FOSTER

PROPONENT OF BIO-
CLIMATIC ARCHITECTURE
ENSDURING BUILDING
MAXIMISES NATURAL
LIGHT & VENTILATION
TIME
 RESPONSE TO NATURE /CLIMATE
TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS: TURNING GREEN

INSTITUTE DU MONDE ARAB BY JEAN NOUVEL ROOF ROOF HOUSE BY KEN YEANG:
ENSURING EXTRA ORDINARY DAYLIGHT CONTROLS BY ROOF AS FILTER & OVERSIZED UMBRELLA
COMPUTER CONTROLLED THOUSANDS OF DYNAMIC
SENSORY SHUTTERS
 RESPONSE TO NATURE /CLIMATE
TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS

UMBRELLAS FOR MOSQUE IN MECCA BY: BEDDINGTON ZERO ENERGY BUILDING UK.
BODO RASCH. INTEGRATING SOLAR CELLS TO THE NEW GENERATION INTELLIGENT BUILDING
OPEN & CLOSE UMBRELLAS WITHOUT WITH SENSORS & COMPUTERISED CONTROLS
ELECTRICITY
 PARAMETERS BEING AFFECTED BY CLIMATE/
SURROUNDING ENVIRONMENT OF CONTEXT

• SITING OF BUILT FORM

• FORM & SHAPE

• SPATIAL ORGANISATION

• MATERIALS & TECHNIQUES

• FENESTRATIONS

• ELEMENTS

• EXTERNAL FINISHES
 SITING:
• LANDFORM

• VEGETATION PATTERN

• WATER BODIES

• STREET WIDTHS

• SITE/ STREET ORIENTATION

• OPEN- BUILT RATIO

• GROUND CHARACTER

• BUILDING ORIENTATION
LAND-FORM: TOPOGRAPHY

COOL AIR COLLECTING MIN. AIR SPEED ON

IN DEPRESSIONS LEEWARD SIDES

EVAP. COOLING FROM SHADING BY TREES ON

WATER BODIES NORTH SLOPES

DIVERSION OF COLD MAX SOL RADIATION

WIND BY TREES ON SOUTH SLOPES

INCREASING WIND
SPEED ON WINDWARD
LANDFORM VARIATION & MICROCLIMATE SLOPES
 LANDFORM-ORIENTATION

GREATEST AIR SPEEDS ON CRESTS

PROTECTION OF WINDS ON SLOPE

PRESSURE DIFFERENCE CAUSED BY OBSTACLES

 LAND-FORM AS CLIMATIC RESPONSES

LANDFORM OPTIMISATION IN HOT CLIMATES

LANDFORM ORIENTATION & BUILDING

PLACEMENT IN HOT CLIMATES

COSTOZZA VILLAS ITALY USING LANDFORM

AS COOLING SYSTEMS
 SITING: URBAN CONTEXT

SCALES OF CLIMATIC STUDY & LAYERS OF URBAN MODIFICATION

GEOMORPHOLOGY AFFECTING AIR-MOVEMENT,

TEMPERATURE, & R.H
 SITING: URBAN CONTEXT

WIND FLOW AROUND A TALL BUILDING WITH LOWER BUILDING UPWIND

WIND PATTERNS BETWEEN SIMILAR HEIGHT BUILDINGS

 SITING: URBAN CONTEXT: SOLAR ACCESS

SOLAR ACCESS DESIGN IN URBAN CONTEXT SOLAR ACCESS & INTERNAL SHADING
 VEGETATION PATTERN

DIRECTING COOLING

SHADING DEFLECTING

DIRECTING
VEGETATION INCREASING DECREASING & DIRECTING AIR FLOW

VEGETATION CAUSING PRESSURE

DIFFERENCES SHIFTING AIR PATH
WATER-BODIES

CHANDIGARH ASSEMBLY

ABSORBING HEAT RERADIATING AT NIGHT

DURING DAY

SRINAGAR RIVER-FRONT
 STREET WIDTHS & ORIENTATION

ARRANGEMENT OF BLDG BLOCKS

MAXIMISING SCOPE FOR FOR EFFICENT AIR-MOPVEMENT
WINTER SUN IN COLD CLIMATES

NARROW NORTH-SOUTH STREET WIDTHS IN HOT CLIMATES

 STREET-WIDTHS

SOLAR ACCESS & DAYLIGHT AT CHOWK STREET LUCKNOW

STREETS AT VARANASI
& AHMEDABAD POLS
 STREET-WIDTHS

CHOWK STREET

VARANASI STREET
 STREET-WIDTHS

AHMEDABAD POLS
JAISELMER CITY

VARANSI CITY
OPEN –BUILT RATIO

VARANASI CITY

AHEMDABAD LUCKNOW
 OPEN-BUILT

GREATER EXPOSURE OF WALLS & ROOFS LEAD TO GREAT HEAT LOSS

COMPACT PLANNING IN COLD AREAS MAY

RDUCE HEAT GAIN

COMPACT PLANNING IN MODERN CONTEXT MAY

BE INAPPROPRIATE: REDUCING HEAT LOSS
OPEN –BUILT RATIO

ABSORPTIVE SURFACES & SMALLER

OPEN SPACES RADIATE LESS HEAT TO
BUILDINGS

BUILT & OPEN AT VARANASI

BUILT OPEN AT JODHPUR

 SITE/STREET ORIENTATION

• JAIPUR
• BABYLON
 BUILDING ORIENTATION

• AT EQUATOR EAST & WEST FACADES WILL

RECEIVE MORE RADIATION

•NORTH SOUTH WALLS CAN BE INCREASED WITH

NO MAJOR SOLAR GAIN

•ON LATITUDES SOUTH & NORTH OF EQUATOR

SOUTH & NORTH WALLS WILL RECEIVE MORE
RADIATION
 GROUND CHARACTER

DIFFERENT GROUND
SURFACES WILL REFLECT,
STORE & ABSORB HEAT TO
DIFFERENT DEGREES
 FORM & SHAPE

• BUILDING FORM:PLAN FORM

ROOF FORM
SECTIONAL PROFILE

• SURFACE AREA TO VOLUME RATIO

• MASSING
 PLAN-FORM

DIFFERENT PLAN FORMS HAVE DIFFERENT PERIMETER TO AREA RATIO AFFECTING THE
SUBSEQUENT HEAT GAIN & LOSS
 ROOF-FORM

JODHPUR HOUSE ROOF

PROFILE
VARIOUS ROOF FORMS & RESULTANT AREAS OF EXPOSURE

ROOF FORMS AS SOURCE OF LIGHT

 ROOF-FORM

BASIC ROOF FORMS & EFFECT ON VENTILATION

 SECTIONAL- PROFILE
DETERMINES EXPOSURE,
MUTUAL SHADING & AIR-
FLOW THROUGH BUILT
FORM

SECTIONAL PROFILE OF JAISELMER

HAVELIS
 SECTIONAL- PROFILE

JODHPUR HOUSE
IGLOO SECTION

BENARES HOUSE
 SURFACE AREA- TO VOLUME RATIO (S/V)

GREATER S/V RESULTS IN GREATER S/V RATIO FOR VAIOUS LAYOUTS

HEAT GAIN & LOSSES
 MASSING
CONSOLIDATED MASSING HAS LARGER
UNSHADED EXPOSED SURFACES

COMPACT
MASSING
REDUCES SCOPE
OF DAYLIGHT &
VENTILATION
MASSING

FRAGMENTED MASSING RESULTS

IN MUTUAL SHADING THUS LOW
HEAT GAIN
 SPATIAL ORGANISATION

• TYPE OF ORGANISATION

• DISTRIBUTION OF OPEN & BUILT

• TRANSITIONAL SPACES
 TYPE OF ORGANISATION
LOCATION OF FUNCTIONAL AREAS, OOPEN AREAS & TRANSITIONAL SPACES

• CENTRALISED

• LINEAR

• RADIAL

• CLUSTERED: Repititive; Sharing Common Space; Organised By Axis

Clustered about entry; Grouped Along Path;
Along Loop path; Centralised Pattern; Clustered
Pattern; Within A Space; Axial Condition;
Symmetrical Condition

• GRID
SPATIAL ORGANISATION: ROOM HEIGHTS & VOLUMES

PENSION BUILDING WASHINGTON D.C PANTHEON ROME

HEIGHT & VOLUME OF LARGE SPACES FACILITING VENTILATION

 SPATIAL ORGANISATIONS: ROOMS
ORGANISATION OF ROOMS, COURTS & OTHER SPACES AS PER CLIMATE

IRAQ HOUSE: SUMMER DAY SUMMER NIGHT

 SPATIAL ORGANISATIONS: ROOMS

PUEBLO ACOMA: WARM SEASON DAY WARM SEASON NIGHT

PUEBLO ACOMA: COOL SEASON DAY COOL SEASON NIGHT

 SPATIAL ORGANISATION

EACH UNIT IN PRIENE HAD COURTYARD AS TRASITION & SHADED PORCH TOWARDS SOUTH ACTING AS
BUFFER
IN VILLA ROTUNDA
COOL AIR IS DRAWN
THROUGHCELLAR
BELOW & CHANELLED
THROUGH CORE THAT
ACTS AS TRANSITION
SPACE
 SPATIAL ORGANISATION

LOGAN HOUSE IN TAMPA: ORGANISED TO USE BOTH CROSS & AHMEDABAD POLS: STREET AS
STACK VENTILATION SPATIAL CONNECTOR

CHOWK HOUSE LUCKNOW: ROOMS ORGANISED AROUND COURTYARD AS

SPATIAL ORGANISATION: TRANSITIONAL AREAS

GALLERIA VITTORIO
EMANUELE II
GLAZED ATRIUM AS A
TRANSITION SPACE

NORTHERN GALLERY AT BEI-HAI

PARK ISLAND OF QIONGHUA
VERANDAH AS BUFFER SPACE SHADING
& CONNECTING
 MATERIAL & TECHNIQUES
OF VARIOUS ELEMENTS

• THERMAL RESISTANCE

• THERMAL TRANSMITTANCE

• THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

• DENSITY OR POROSITY
 WALLS

VARYING WALL TYPES WITH DIFFERENT CONDUCTIVITY, RESISTIVITY POROSITY, DENSITY

MATERIAL & TECHNIQUES
OF VARIOUS ELEMENTS
 FENESTRATIONS

• PATTERN & CONFIGURATION

• ORIENTATION

• CONTROLS
 FENESTRATIONS

FENESTRATION PATTERN

WINDOW SHADES FENESTRATION CONFIGURATION

 FENESTRATIONS

MWDITERRANEAN EFFECT OF WINDOW

HOUSE WINDOWS LOCATIONS ON AIR
MOVEMENT

IDEAL FENESTRATION POSITIONING

 FENESTRATION CONTROLS

LIGHT SHELVES: DEVICES & FORMS FOR DAYLIGHT

 ELEMENTS

• FACADES
• SHADING DEVICES
• WIND TOWERS
• BADGIRS
• JHAROKHA
• MASHARBIYAS/SCREENS
• LOUVRES/AWNINGS
• BRISE-SOLEIL
• DORMER, BAY WINDOWS
• EAVES, CARVING, CORNICES ETC.
FACADES

JAISELMER STREET

NEWAR PALACE
FACADES

LEH PALACE

MILLOWNERS BUILDING

JAISELMER PALACE
 FACADES
ARCADES OF
PROCURATIE VECCHIE
VENICE

KASHBAH MORROCCO FANSWORTH HOUSE

 ELEMENTS

JHAROKHAS

MASHARBIYAS WIND CATCHERS & BADGIRS

VILLA AL KUFA IN IRAQ

 SHADING DEVICES

VERTICAL FINS TWO BASIC FORMS

OF SHADING
DEVICE

SAKHYA MUNI PAGODA CHINA AHMEDABAD POLS

 SHADING DEVICES

PADMANABHAPURAM PALACE

JAISELMER
 EXTERNAL FINISHES & COLOURS

JODHPUR, JAISELMER GREECE TURKEY