Artificial Intelligence
Lecture #5: AI programming
Language (LISP)
Dr. Md. Sazzad Hossain, PhD(Japan)
Professor
Department of CSE
Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University
Email: [email protected]
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Contents
AI programming Language (LISP)
Introduction to LISP
LISP: Syntax and Numeric Functions
List Manipulation function in LISP
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Introduction to LISP
LISP (LISt processing) is invented by Jhon McCarthy
during the late 1950.
The basic building blocks of LISP are the atom, list,
and the string.
An atom is a number of string of contiguous
characters, including numbers and special characters
A List is a sequence of atoms and/or other lists
enclosed within parentheses.
String is a group of characters enclosed in double
quotation marks.
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Example of Atom, List & String
Atom: sat, week_day
List: (mon, tue, wed, thur, fri, sat, sun)
String: “please enter your name”
Atom, List and String are the only valid objects in LISP
and they are called Symbolic expression.
Any s-expression is potentially a valid program.
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Introduction: LISP
LISP programs run either on an interpreter or as
compiled code.
The interpreter examines source programs in a
repeated loop, called read-evaluate-print loop.
For example: sum of 3 numbers
-> (+ 5 6 9)
20
(print (+ 5 6 9))
LISP uses prefix notation.
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Example of LISP
Convert Fahrenheit to Centigrade
C/5=(F-32)/9
or, F=C(9/5)+32
For C=50,
LISP program
->(+(*(/ 9 5)50)32)
122
(print (+(*(/ 9 5)50)32));
Numerical functions: +, -, *, /
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Basic List Manipulation Functions
Function call Value Remarks
returned
(car ‘(a b c)) a Car takes one argument, a list, and returns the
first element.
(cdr ‘(a b c)) (b c) Cdr takes one argument, a list, and returns a list
with the first element removed.
(cons `a`(b c)) (a b c) Cons takes two arguments, an element and a list
and returns a list with the element inserted at
the beginning.
(list `a`(b c)) (a (b c)) List takes any number arguments and returns a
list with the arguments as elements.
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Basic List Manipulation Functions
Function call Value Remarks
returned
(append `(a) `(b c)) (a b c) Merge two or more lists into a single list
(last `(a b c d)) (d) return a list containing the last element.
(member `b `( a b d)) (b d) Returns remainder of second argument list
starting with element matching first
argument.
(reverse `(a (b c) d)) (d (b c) a) returns a list with top elements in reverse
order.
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Example: cons
Given a list L and an item x (either an atom or a list)
(cons x L) returns a new list with x as first element and L
as rest (L is unaffected)
(let* ((L '(peanut butter jelly))
(J (cons 'apple L)))
(print J));
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Example of (setq()) function
->(setq x `(a b c))
->x
ABC
->`x
X
->(setq x (+ 3 5))
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How to Define Function?
(defun name (parm1 parm2 …) body)
Example:
->(defun avgthree (n1 n2 n3) (/(+n1 n2 n3) 3))
AVGTHREE
Note: its return the function name. If you call this
function it will return the result.
(defun avgthree (n1 n2 n3) (/(+ n1 n2 n3) 3))
(print (avgthree 1 2 3))
-> 2
(defun square (x) (* x x))
(print (square 6))
->36
(print (mapcar 'square '(1 2 3 4 5)))
-> 1 4 6 16 25 11
The Most Common Predicate calls
Function call Value Remarks
returned
(atom `aabb) t aabb is a valid atom
(equal `a (car `(a b)) t
(evenp 3) nil
(oddp 3) t
(numberp 10ab) nil
(greaterp 2 4 27) t Arguments are successively larger
(lessp 5 3 12) nil Arguments are not successively
smaller
(listp `(a)) t Valid list
(zerop .0001) nil
(null nil) t Nil is an empty set
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Conditional Statement
The syntax for condition is,Example:
cond (<test1> <action1>) (defun max3 (a b c)
(cond ((> a b) (cond ((> a c) a) (t c)))
(<test2> <action2>)
((> b c) b)
. . (t c)))
. .
. . (print (max3 1 2 3))
(<testk>
<actionk>))
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Input, Output Variables
prinl: print without new line
princ: remove double quotation marks
read: ->(+ 5 (read)) terpri: it does not take arguments
6 It introduces a new line whenever it appears
and then returns nil.
11 ->(defun circle-area()
-> (terpri)
print: ->(print`(a b c)) (princ “Please enter the radius:”)
(A B C) (setq radius (read))
(A B C) (princ “ The area of the circle is:”)
(princ (* 3.1416 radius radius))
->(print (terpri))
“hello”) CIRCLE-AREA
“hello”
“hello”
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Input, Output Variables
(defun area-circle(rad) ->(circle-area)
"Calculates area of a circle with
given radius" Please enter the radius: 4
(terpri) The area of the circle is: 50.2656
(format t "Radius: ~5f" rad) ->
(format t "~%Area: ~10f" (*
3.141592 rad rad))
)
(area-circle 10)
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Example
(defun factorial (num)
(cond ((zerop num) 1)
(t ( * num (factorial (- num 1)))) ) ) (setq n 6)
(format t "~% Factorial ~d is: ~d" n
(factorial n))
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Iteration
(do ((x 0 (+ 2 x)) (y 20 ( - y 2))) ((= x y)(-
x y)) (format t "~% x = ~d y = ~d" x y) )
(loop for x from 12 to 25 by 3 do
(print x)
)
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Property Lists and Arrays
One of the unique and most useful features
of LISP as an AI language is the ability to
assign properties to atoms.
Example: properties of a car are make, year,
color, style, etc.
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Property Lists and Arrays
The function putprop assign properties to an atom or
objects
(purtop object value attribute)
->(putprop `car `toyota `make)
TOYOTA
->(putprop `car 1998 `year)
1998
->(putprop `car `red `color)
RED
->(putprop `car `four-door `style)
FOUR-DOOR
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Property Lists and Arrays
remprop: remove properties (setf (get 'car 'color) 'red)
get: retrieve property (print (get 'car 'color))
(remprop 'car 'color)
Example: (print (get 'car 'color))
-> (get `car `color)
RED
-> (remprop `car `color)
RED
->(get `car `color)
Nil
->
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Property Lists and Arrays
Arrays:
->(setf myarray (make-array `(10)))
#A(NIL NIL NIL NIL NIL NIL NIL NIL NIL NIL)
->
To access array:
->(aref myarray 9)
NIL
->
Store:
->(setf (aref myarray 0) 25)
25
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LISP Compiler
LISP Compiler
• BEE
• POPLOG
• LISP WORKS
• GNU C LISP
https://rextester.com/l/common_lisp_online_compiler
https://onecompiler.com/commonlisp
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End of Presentation
Questions/Suggestions
Thanks to all !!!
