THE ACADEMIC ESSAY

Referencing
December 2017

LCOS-111
Introduction

LCOS-111
Learning Outcomes

At the end of the session, you are expected to:

Define referencing.
Explain situations in which referencing
becomes necessary.
Explain why referencing is important.
Note the differences between the APA and
MLA referencing styles
Write references accurately in assignments.

LCOS-111
Lecture Overview

 Referencing and plagiarism defined

 The importance of referencing
 APA referencing format
 MLA referencing format

LCOS-111
What is referencing?

 Referencing, or citation, is a vital aspect of

research and academic writing.

“Referencing is a formal, systematic way of

acknowledging the sources (other writers’
words, ideas, theories) that you have found in
your research and used in your writing.” (Edith
Cowan University)

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What is referencing...

“Referencing means acknowledging your

source: in the body of your work (in-text
referencing or citation ) AND linking your
citations to your list of works cited (also
reference list or bibliography.” (University of
Kent, 2012)

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What is referencing...

 The opposite of referencing is plagiarism.

 Plagiarism has been defined as:

“A form of academic misconduct” that involves

“reproducing in any work submitted for assessment or
review (for example, examination answers, essays,
project reports, dissertations or theses) any material
derived from work authored by another without clearly
acknowledging the source.” (University of Kent, 2012)
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What is referencing...

 Plagiarism may be committed in a number of

ways, including:
– Copying another person's work or ideas. This
includes copying from other students and from
published or unpublished material such as books,
internet sources, paper mills, computer code,
designs etc
– Submitting previously submitted or assessed work
of your own without attribution
– Submitting work solicited from (or written by) others
– Failing to adequately reference your sources
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What to acknowledge
 exact words (written or spoken)
 summarized or paraphrased text
 data
 images (graph, tables, video, multimedia etc)
 pictures or illustrations
 ideas or concepts
 theories
 opinion or analysis
 music or other performance media
 computer code
 designs, drawings or plans
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What to acknowledge...

 In general, common knowledge or facts

widely available in a number of sources do
not need to be acknowledged; however, what
constitutes common knowledge and facts
varies across disciplines.

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When to cite

A source must be cited or acknowledged

within your paper when you:
quote material verbatim (word for word)
reword or paraphrase information
include statistics or findings from a survey
or study
incorporate facts, ideas or opinions that
are not common knowledge.

LCOS-111
The importance of referencing

 References demonstrate to your readers that

you are familiar with the important sources in
your field of research.
 It enables your lecturer to follow up the
references and find the book or journal article
in a library (physical or online).

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The importance of referencing...

 It demonstrates to your lecturer that you

have read widely a range of opinions on the
subject of your assignment.
 It enables your lecturer to check the
accuracy of the information you’ve given.

 Good referencing assists in avoiding

accusations of plagiarism.

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The APA style of referencing

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Basics about APA

 “APA citation style refers to the rules and

conventions established by the American
Psychological Association for documenting
sources used in a research paper. APA style
requires both in-text citations and a
reference list.” (Cornell University Library,
2014)

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Ways of referencing in APA

 In both the APA and the MLA, there are two

main ways of presenting referenced material:
 Paraphrasing: allows you to summarize another
author’s ideas in your own words, whilst still
acknowledging the original source. Quotation marks
are not needed.
 Direct quotations: in which the exact words of an
author are quoted verbatim. However, an assignment
cannot be a ‘cut and paste’ exercise. Quotations
should be used sparingly, as the person reading the
assignment wants to see your views and analysis of
what you have read.

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Ways of referencing in APA...

 Example of paraphrasing in APA:

Text from the original article: Little is known

about whether and how early childhood living
arrangements affect adult children's propensity to
take aging parents into their homes. Past
research on caregiving has focused on the
characteristics of current family structure such as
sibling composition, the marital status of parent
or child, or competing roles (Szinovacz, 1997).
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Ways of referencing in APA...

Bad paraphrasing: Not much is known about how

living arrangements in childhood affect adult
children's willingness to take elderly parents into
their homes. Past research on looking after
elderly parents has focused on the
characteristics of current family structure such as
brothers and sisters, the marital status of parent
or child, or competing roles (Szinovacz, 1997).
= only a few words have been changed, not
reflecting any understanding or interpretation
of the original.

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Ways of referencing in APA...

Good paraphrasing: Research has tended to

focus on the effect of current family structure
on adult children’s willingness to look after
their elderly parents. Consequently, little is
known about the effects of childhood living
arrangements (Szinovacz, 1997).
= the content has been rephrased.

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Ways of referencing in APA...

 Direct quotes can be used in the following

ways depending on your sentence structure:
– Short quotations: e.g.
The Undergraduate Study Skills Handbook for 2014/15 for
the Malawi Institute of Technology states “The risk of
cheating is immense, ... a student aspiring to become a …
biomedical engineer might find his/her career path being
closed prematurely, if found guilty of cheating.” (Malawi
University of Science and Technology, 2014, p. 24)

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Ways of referencing in APA...

 Or;

Discussing data collection, Matthews and

Ross (2010) note that “it is a practical activity,
one that has to be carried out with time,
spatial and resource constraints” (p. 181),
and therefore needs careful consideration.

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Ways of referencing in APA...

 If the quotation is 40 words or more (not

something that you should expect to do) then
do not use quotation marks, but indent the
quotation by half an inch on the left margin
(in the same position as a new paragraph).
Double space the entire quotation.

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Ways of referencing in APA...

Example:
Careful consideration of method is needed with data collection as
it
... is a practical activity, one that has to be carried out with time,
spatial and resource constraints. It is therefore important to
consider how valid social research data can be collected
effectively and efficiently within those constraints. The history of
social research has included the development of a range of
research ‘tools’ to help social researchers to organise and
manage the task of data collection. (Matthews & Ross, 2010, p.
181).
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Reference list versus bibliography

 A reference list is composed of all the sources

that you have referred to in the text of your
assignment. A bibliography is composed of all
those sources you read, but did not refer to in
your assignment.
 Both reference list and bibliography are
arranged in alphabetical order of author’s last
name.
 A bibliography is not always necessary and will
never duplicate anything in the reference list.
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In text citations

 One author
In-text citation requires that the last name of
the author and the year of publication be
inserted into the text, for example:

Marks (2011) states that ... or

...(Marks, 2011)

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In text citations...

Two authors
 If there are two authors of a work, both
should be cited.

Bee and Boyd (2010) state that Ebola can be

contracted through body fluids.
or
Ebola can be contracted through body fluids
(Bee & Boyd, 2010).

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In text citations...

Three, four or five authors

 If there are three, four or five authors of a
work all authors should be cited the first time.
Subsequently use et al. after the first author.
 There is a comma after the second-to-last
author.

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In text citations...

Rolfe, Jasper, and Freshwater (2010) (First

citation)
Rolfe et al., (2010) (subsequent citations)
or
…(Rolfe, Jasper, & Freshwater, 2010) (First
citation)
…(Rolfe et al., 2010) (subsequent citations)

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In text citations...

Six or more authors

 If there are six authors or more only the first
author is cited followed by et al.

Yamada et al. (2003) observed that…

or
... (Yamada et al., 2003)

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In text citations...

More than one work by various authors

 If you cite two or more works by different
authors within the same parentheses they
should be in alphabetical order of author.
....(Phillips, Ajrouch, & Hillcoat-Nalletamby, 2010; Rolfe,
Jasper, & Freshwater, 2010).
Or
Phillips, Ajrouch, & Hillcoat-Nalletamby, 2010; Rolfe,
Jasper, & Freshwater, 2010) argue that…
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In text citations...

More than one work by the same author in

different years
Arrange two or more works by the same author(s)
(in the same order) by year of publication. Give the
authors’ last names once; for each subsequent
work, give only the date.

Davies (2008, 2010, 2012) states that…

or
…(Davies, 2008, 2010, 2012)
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In text citations...

Author(s) with two or more cited works in

same year
Use lower case letters (a, b etc.) to distinguish
between works published in the same year by
the same author (s).

Hewitt (2010a) states that... This was

supported by Hewitt (2010b) ...

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In text citations...

Authors with the same last name

 If your citation includes publications by two or
more primary authors with the same last
name, include the authors’ initials in all text
citations, even if the year of publication
differs.
 Initials help the reader to avoid confusion
within the text and to locate the entry in the
list of references.
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In text citations...

Among studies, H. Davies et al. (2013) and

P. G. Davies, Revel and Mayston (1986)
revealed that…

...(H. Davies et al, 2013 and P.G. Davies,

Ravel and Mayston, 1986).

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Secondary referencing

 Secondary referencing is where you need to

refer to the work of an author which you have
not read in the original, but have learnt about
from another author.
 Whenever possible you should use the original
work. If this is not feasible, you must make clear
that you have not read the original by referring to
the work in which you found the reference.
 In the reference list only include details of the
work that you read.
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Secondary referencing...

Kleinman (1996) cited in Cunningham-Burley

(1998) has argued...
or
It is the non-professional arena that illness is
first defined (Kleinman, 1996, cited in
Cunningham-Burley, 1998).

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Websites

 It can be difficult to identify the author of a

webpage, so decide who is responsible for
the page and that person or corporate body
can be referenced as the author.
 Searching the ’About Us’ or ‘Contact Us’ will
help to identify the author.
 If no author can be found use the webpage
title. If no title use URL.

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Groups (readily identified through
abbreviation) as authors

First citation in text

British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC, 2013)
… Subsequent citations in text BBC (2013)…
Parenthetical format, first citation in text …
(British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC),
2013). Parenthetical format, subsequent
citations in text …(BBC, 2013)

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Works with some details missing

 Missing date
– If no date use [n.d.]
 No identified author or with an
anonymous author
– cite in text the first few words of the reference list
entry (usually the title) and the year. Use double
quotation marks around the title of an article, a
chapter, or a web page, and italicise the title of a
journal, a book, a brochure, or a report:
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Works with some details missing...

– the book Dictionary of Food Science and Nutrition

(2006)
– the website (“AWMGS (All Wales Genetics
Medical Service),” 2013)
– When a work’s author is designated as
‘Anonymous,’ cite in text the word Anonymous
followed by a comma and the date:
(Anonymous, 2012)

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General guidelines for organizing
a references list

1. Double space each entry and use hanging

indentation (the first line of an entry isn't
indented, but every subsequent line in the entry
is indented five spaces).
2. Alphabetize the list of sources by the author 's
(or editor's) last name; if there is no author or
editor, alphabetize by the first word of the title
other than a, an, or the. Use initials for an
author's first and middle names. For two or more
works by an author, arrange the works by date,
oldest work first.
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General guidelines for organizing
a references list...

3. The publication date should appear in

parentheses directly after the last author's name;
put a period after the final parenthesis. For
books, list year only. For magazines, newsletters,
and newspapers give the year followed by the
exact date of the publication (2000, November
10). If you list two works by the same author
published in the same year, alphabetize by title,
unless they are part of a series.
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General guidelines for organizing
a references list...

4. Put the title of a book after the year of

publication. Book titles and subtitles should be
italicized. Capitalize only the first word and
proper nouns in a title or subtitle.
5. Don't put titles of articles in quotation marks or
italics, and, as with a book, only the first word of
the article title and subtitle and any proper nouns
are capitalized. Periodical titles are capitalized
just as you would normally, and italicize the
name of the periodical and the volume number.
LCOS-111
General guidelines for organizing
a references list...

6. Include the city and official state abbreviation

as well as the publisher in book citations. If the
city is well known, omit the state abbreviation.
The publisher's name may be shortened, as
long as it is easy to recognize, as in this
example: New York: Harper
7. Use one space after periods, colons, semi-
colons, and commas.

LCOS-111
General guidelines for organizing
a references list...

8. With two or more authors, use all authors'

names rather than "et al" unless there are
eight or more authors. Again, start with the
last name and use initials for the first and
middle names for all authors. Instead of the
word "and," use an ampersand (&) and
separate the names with commas.

LCOS-111
General guidelines for organizing
a references list...

9. Use p. (pp. for plurals) only before page

numbers of newspaper articles and chapters
in edited books, not in references to articles
from magazines and journals. In contrast,
parenthetical references in the text of a paper
leading to specific pages always include p. or
pp.—no matter what type of source.

LCOS-111
General guidelines for organizing
a references list...

9. Use p. (pp. for plurals) only before page

numbers of newspaper articles and chapters
in edited books, not in references to articles
from magazines and journals. In contrast,
parenthetical references in the text of a paper
leading to specific pages always include p. or
pp.—no matter what type of source.

LCOS-111
General guidelines for organizing
a references list...

10. Retrieval information must be given for

electronic sources. The statement should
provide the URL, or website address, of the
source.
11. Cite personal communications only as in
text citations—do not include them in the
reference list.

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General guidelines for organizing
a references list...

12. Only enter edition if the book is not the first

edition.
13. Use the first place of publication in the
references if a book was published in more
than one city.

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The references list

Book with one author

 Last name, initial(s). (Year). Title. Place:
Publisher.

Neville, C. (2007). The complete guide to

referencing and avoiding plagiarism.
Maidenhead: Open University Press.

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The reference list...

Book with two authors or more

 Last name, initial(s)., & Last name, initial(s).
(Year). Title. Place: Publisher.

Phillips, J., Ajrouch, K., & Hillcoat-Nalletamby, S.

(2010). Key concepts in social gerontology.
London: Sage.

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The reference list...

Edited book
 Last name, initial(s). (Ed.). (Year). Title (ed.).
Place: Publisher.
Cash, T. F., & Smolak, L. (Eds.). (2011). Body
image: A handbook of science, practice, and
prevention (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford Press.
 Use (Ed.) if one editor and (Eds.) if two or
more editors
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The reference list...

Chapter in edited book

 Last name, initial(s). (Year). Chapter title. In Initial.
Last name (Eds.), Book title (pages of chapter).
Place: Publisher.

Benton, D. (2011). Diet, behaviour and cognition in

children. In D. Kilcast & F. Angus (Eds.),
Developing children’s food products (pp. 62-81).
Cambridge: Woodhead.
 Note that with the chapter author (Benton) the last
name precedes the initial. With the book authors
(Kilcast etc.) the initials precede the last names.
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The references list...

E-book
 Last name, initial(s). (Year). Title (ed.).
Retrieved from URL
Ogden, J. (2007). Health psychology: A textbook (4th
ed.). Retrieved from http://www.dawsonera.com

 Reference an e-book as you would a printed

one; replace place and publisher with URL of
the e-book collection or the e-book.
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The references list...

Thesis
 For a thesis found on a database: Author, A.
A. (year). Title of doctoral dissertation or
master’s thesis (Doctoral dissertation or
master’s thesis). Retrieved from Name of
database. (Accession or Order No.)

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The references list...

Macleod, A. K. A. (2013). The role of marine

renewable energy structures and
biofouling communities in promoting self-
sustaining populations of non-native
species (Doctoral dissertation).
Retrieved from EThOS database
uk.bl.ethos.577609)

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The references list...

Official publication
 An official publication is a publication
published by Parliament, a government
department ,devolved government or an
international organisation such as the African
Union or World Health Organisation.
 Corporate author. (Year). Title (Series or
reference number). Place: Publisher

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The references list...

Department of Health. (1998). Our healthier

nation: A contract for health: Presented to
Parliament by the Secretary for State for
Health by command of her Majesty (Cm.
3852). London: The Stationery Office.

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The references list...

Online official publication

 Corporate author. (Year). Title (Series or
reference number). Retrieved from URL
Scientific Committee on Tobacco and Health. (1998).
Report of the Scientific Committee on Tobacco and
Health: Part one: The scale of the smoking problem.
Retrieved from
http://www.archive.officialdocuments.co.uk/document/d
oh/tobacco/part-1.htm

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The references list...

Journal article
 Last name, initial(s)., & Last name, initial(s).
(Year). Article title. Journal title, Volume
Number (issue or part number if needed),
page numbers.
 Issue or part number only required if each
issue begins with page 1, if volume has
continuous pagination issue or part number
is not required.

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The references list...

Tapper, K., Shaw, C., Ilsley, J., Hill, A. J., Bond,

F. W., & Moore, L. (2009). Exploratory
randomised controlled trial of a mindfulness-
based weight loss intervention for women.
Appetite, 52, 396-404.

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The references list...

Online journal article

 Last name, initial(s)., & Last name, initial(s).
(Year). Article title. Journal title, volume, page
numbers. DOI or journal homepage URL
 If online version is the same as printed version,
reference it as a printed journal article. If not then
include article Digital Object Identifier (DOI). A
DOI is a long unique numeric code. If a DOI is
unavailable use a URL instead.
 NB: If a reference has 8 or more authors, the first
6 authors are listed followed by ... followed by the
final author. Example as below. LCOS-111
The references list...

Allen, S. J., Jordan, S., Storey, M., Thornton, C. A.,

Gravenor, M., Garaiova, I., …Morgan, G.
(2010). Dietary supplementation with
lactobacilli and bifidobacteria is well tolerated
and not associated with adverse events during
late pregnancy and early infancy. The Journal
of Nutrition,140(3), 483-488.
doi:10.3945/jn.109.117093

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The references list...

Newspaper article
 Author, A.A. (date). Title of article. Title of
Newspaper, xx, p. or pp.
 xx denotes column or section (Useful as
many printed newspapers have a number of
separately paginated sections)

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The references list...

Ruddick, G. (2013, October 3). Tesco suffers

sales slump in all global businesses; UK rivals
gain ground but boss Clarke confident
turnaround plan is working. Daily Telegraph,
Business News, p. 1

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The references list...

Online newspaper
 Give the URL of the home page when the
online version of the article is available by
search to avoid unstable URLs.
Graham, N. (2013, August 31). A business built on data
innovation and clubcard points. Financial Times.
Retrieved from http://www.proquest.com/en-
US/products/feature01_package.shtml

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The references list...

Magazine
 Date must be the date shown on publication
(day and month for weeklies and month for
monthlies). Add the volume number after the
title.

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The references list...

Armstrong, L., Yang, D. J., & Cuneo, A.

(1994, February 28). The learning
revolution: Technology is reshaping
education--at home and at school. Business
Week, 3360, 80-88.

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The references list...

Book review in a journal

 Last name of reviewer, initial(s). (Year). Title
of review [Review of the book Title of book,
by name of book’s author]. Journal Title,
volume, page numbers.
 If the review is untitled, place the material in
brackets immediately after the year. Retain
the brackets to indicate that this is a
description of the form and content, not the
review’s title.
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The references list...

Nagorski, A. (2013).The totalitarian temptation

[Review of the book The devil in history:
communism, fascism and some lessons of the
20th century, by V.Tismaneanu]. Foreign
Affairs, 92, 172-176.

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The references list...

Website
 Author. (Year). Title. Retrieved month day, year,
from URL
 Only include the date the information was
retrieved if the website is likely to change
frequently, as in the case of this example (a
blog). If the information is “published” with a
static date (year) no date of retrieval is required.
 Author of a website is usually a corporate
author. However if you’re citing a specific
document on a website there may be personal
authors.
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The references list...

American Psychological Association. (2012). APA

style blog. Retrieved May 29, 2012, from

http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/

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The references list...

Personal communication
 Personal communications such as email,
personal interviews, telephone conversations do
not provide recoverable date and are not
included in the reference list.
 Use your judgment in citing other electronic
forms of personal communication.
 What you cite should have scholarly relevance.

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The references list...

Cite personal communications in the text as

follows:

G. P. Mooney (personal communication,

June 6, 2013)

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The references list...

Conference paper in published proceedings

(journal format)
 Last name, initial(s)., Last name, initial(s).
(Year). Paper title. Proceedings title, volume,
page numbers. doi: number

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The references list...

Herculano-Houzel, S., Collins, C.E., Wong, P.,

Kaas, J. H., & Lent, R. (2008). The basic non-
uniformity of the cerebral cortex. Proceedings
of the National Academy of Sciences, USA,
105, 12593-12598. doi:
10.1073/pnas.0805417105

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The references list...

Conference paper in published proceedings

(chapter in book format)
 Last name, initials. (Year). Title of paper. In
initials editor’s last name (Ed.), Title of
conference proceedings (pp. page range).
Place of publication: Publisher.

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The references list...

Borgman, C. L., Bower, J., & Krieger, D. (1989).

From hands-on science to hands-on
information retrieval. In J. Katzer, & G. B.
Newby (Eds.), Proceedings of the 52nd ASIS
annual meeting: Vol. 26. Managing information
and technology (pp. 96-100). Medford: Learned
Information.

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The references list...

Conference (unpublished)
 Last name, initials. (Year, Month). Title of
paper or poster. Paper or poster presented at
the meeting of Organization name, Location.

Ryan, R. M., & Openshaw, L. (2003, January).

Flavour enhancement and public
perceptions of health risks. Paper
presented at the meeting of the Institute of
Food Science and Technology, London.
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