NFS-308
Topic-RAM,ROM,BUS,HARDWARE & SOFTWARE
RAM
RAM stands for Random-access memory,is a form of
computer memory that can be read and changed in any order, typically
used to store working data and machine code.
ROM
ROM, which stands for Read only memory, is a memory device or
storage medium that stores information permanently. It is also the
primary memory unit of a computer along with the random access
memory (RAM). It is called read only memory as we can only read the
programs and data stored on it but cannot write on it.
Difference between RAM & ROM
RAM ROM
Random Access Memory Read Only Memory
RAM is volatile ROM is non-volatile
Allows reading and writing Allows reading only
Temporary storage Permanent storage
RAM is expensive ROM is cheap
Performs R & W functions Performs R functions only
DRAM & SRAM PROM & EPROM
Computer BUS
A computer bus is a type of small wire embedded on a motherboard, It
behaves as a communication media between CPU, memory and other
devices of the computer.
Computer bus transfers bits internally and externally. By internal
transfer, I mean between processor and cache and between CPU and
memory. And by external transfer mean the bus transfers bits from
memory to external devices like a printer.
Types of Computer BUS
1.System BUS:
Address bus - carries memory addresses from the processor to other
components such as primary storage and input/output devices. ...
Data bus - carries the data between the processor and other
components. ...
Control bus - carries control signals from the processor to other
components.
2.Expansion BUS:
Helps system bus
Transmit information between input,output and peripheral devices.
Hardware:
Computer hardware refers to the physical parts of a computer and
related devices.
Internal hardware devices include motherboards, hard drives, and
RAM.
External hardware devices include monitors, keyboards, mice, printers,
and scanners.
Hardware primarily has 3 parts:
1. Input-keyboard,mouse,scanner.
3. Output-display monitors,printers,speakers.
*Touchscreen is both input and output hardware
2. Central processing unit(CPU)
Control unit-controling,direction & coordination of CPU
Arithmetic logic unit-performs arithmetic & logical operation
Memory unit-stores data/informations
Memory:
1.Main memory(RAM,ROM)
2.Secondary memory(Hard disc,Floppy disc,DVD)
3.Internal memory
Cache memory:
Cache memory is a high speed memory that a CPU can access more quickly than it can access
regular random access memory(RAM).
Charecteristics:
1. First access time
2. High speed
3. Volatile
4. Expensive
5. Temporary storage
Software:
Software is a set of instructions, data or programs used to operate computers and
execute specific operations.
Types of software:
1.System software-control and internal functioning.
2.Utility software
3. Application software
General purpose software
Customised software
Operating System
Operating System is system software. The communication between a user and a
system takes place with the help of an operating systems.
Windows, Linux, and Android are examples of operating systems
Functions of an operating system:
• Memory Management
• Processor Management
• Device Management
• File Management
• Security
• Control over system performance
