BASICS

BASICS OF
OF A
A COMPUTER
COMPUTER
BASICS OF A COMPUTER
BASICS OF A COMPUTER
BASICS OF A COMPUTER
BASICS OF A COMPUTER
BASICS OF A COMPUTER
BASICS OF A COMPUTER
 CHARACTERISTICS OF A
COMPUTER
ACCURACY V E R S I TAT L I T Y DILIGENCE
The degree of accuracy of
Computer is free from tiredness, lack of
computer is very high and It means the capacity to
concentration, fatigue, etc. It can work for
every calculation is perform completely different
hours without creating any error. If millions of
performed with the same type of work. You may use
calculations are to be performed, a computer
your computer to prepare
accuracy. The accuracy will perform every calculation with the same
payroll slips. Next moment you
level is 7. may use it for inventory
accuracy. Due to this capability it
overpowers human being in routine type of
management or to prepare
work.
electric bills.

NO FEELING NO IQ SPEED
You know computer can work very fast. It
It does not have feelings or Computer is a dumb machine and
takes only few seconds for calculations
emotion, taste, knowledge it cannot do any work without
that we take hours to complete. You will be
and experience. Thus it does instruction from the user. It
surprised to know that computer can
not get tired even after long performs the instructions at
perform millions (1,000,000) of instructions
hours of work. It does not tremendous speed and with
and even more per second. Therefore, we
distinguish between users. accuracy. It is you to decide what
determine the speed of computer in terms
you want to do and in what
of microsecond (10-6 part of a second) or
sequence. So a computer cannot
nanosecond (10 to the power -9 part of a
take its own decision as you can.
second). From this you can imagine how
fast your computer performs work.
 THE COMPUTER IS DIVIDED INTO TWO
C AT E G O R I E S
SOFTWARE
​H ARDWARE

Hardware (H/W), in the context of technology refers Computer software, or simply software, is a
to the physical elements that make up a computer or collection of data or computer instructions that tell
electronic system and everything else involved that the computer how to work. This is in contrast to
is physically tangible. This includes the monitor, physical hardware, from which the system is built
hard drive, memory and the CPU. Hardware works and actually performs the work. In computer
science and software engineering, computer
hand-in-hand with firmware and software to make a
software is all information processed by computer
computer function .Hardware is an encompassing
systems, programs and data. Computer software
term that refers to all the physical parts that make
includes computer programs, libraries and related
up a computer. The internal hardware devices that
non-executable data, such as online documentation
make up the computer and ensure that it is or digital media. Computer hardware and software
functional are called components, while external require each other and neither can be realistically
hardware devices that are not essential to a used on its own. There are three types of software
computer’s functions are called
• Application Software
peripherals .Hardware is only one part of a computer
system; there is also firmware, which is embedded • System Software
into the hardware and directly controls it. There is • Programming Software
also software, which runs on top of the hardware
and makes use of the firmware to interface with the
COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER
 INPUT DEVICES
• Keyboard- The keyboard is a basic input device that is used to enter data into a
computer or any other electronic device by pressing keys. It has diff erent sets of keys
for letters, numbers, characters, and functions.

• Mouse- The mouse is a hand-held input device which is used to move cursor or pointer across
the screen. It is designed to be used on a fl at surface and generally has left and right butt on and
a scroll wheel between them

• Scanner- The scanner uses the pictures and pages of text as input. It scans the picture or a
document.

• Joystick- A joystick is also a pointing input device like a mouse. The movement of stick controls
the cursor or pointer on the screen

• Microphone- The microphone is a computer input device that is used to input the sound. It
receives the sound vibrations and converts them into audio signals or sends to a recording
medium.

• Digitizer- Digitizer is a computer input device that has a flat surface and usually comes with a
stylus. It enables the user to draw images and graphics using the stylus as we draw on paper with
a pencil
 OUTPUT DEVICES
• Monitors- Monitors, commonly called as Visual Display Unit (VDU), are the main output device of a
computer. It forms images from tiny dots, called pixels that are arranged in a rectangular form. The sharpness
of the image depends upon the number of pixels. There are two kinds of viewing screen used for monitors:-

Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT)

Flat-Panel Display

• Printer- A printer produces hard copies of the processed data. It enables the user, to print images, text or any
other information onto the paper. Based on the printing mechanism, the printers are of two types:

1. Impact Printers: They are of two types:

(a) Character Printers:- Dot Matrix printers and Daisy Wheel printers

(b) Line printers:- Drum printers and Chain printers

2. Non-impact printers: They are of two types:

(a) Laser printers

(b) Inkjet printers

• Projector- A projector is an output device that enables the user to project the output onto a large surface such
as a big screen or wall. It can be connected to a computer and similar devices to project their output onto a
screen. It uses light and lenses to produce magnified texts, images, and videos
 CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT
The central processing unit (CPU) is the unit which performs most of the processing inside a computer. To
control instructions and data flow to and from other parts of the computer, the CPU relies heavily on a
chipset, which is a group of microchips located on the motherboard. The CPU has two components:

1. Control Unit: extracts instructions from memory and decodes and executes them

2. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): handles arithmetic and logical operations

To function properly, the CPU relies on the system clock, memory, secondary storage, and data and address
buses. This term is also known as a central processor, microprocessor or chip. The CPU is the heart and
brain of a computer. It receives data input, executes instructions, and processes information. It
communicates with input/output (I/O) devices, which send and receive data to and from the CPU.
Additionally, the CPU has an internal bus for communication with the internal cache memory, called the
backside bus. The main bus for data transfer to and from the CPU, memory, chipset, and AGP socket is
called the front-side bus. The CPU contains internal memory units, which are called registers. These
registers contain data, instructions, counters and addresses used in the ALU’s information processing.
Some computers utilize two or more processors. These consist of separate physical CPUs located side by
side on the same board or on separate boards. Each CPU has an independent interface, separate cache, and
individual paths to the system front-side bus. Multiple processors are ideal for intensive parallel tasks
requiring multitasking. Multicore CPUs are also common, in which a single chip contains multiple CPUs.
 STORAGE UNIT
The storage unit is a part of the computer system which is employed to store the information and
instructions to be processed. A storage device is an integral part of the computer hardware which
stores information/data to process the result of any computational work. Without a storage device, a
computer would not be able to run or even boot up. Or in other words, we can say that a storage
device is hardware that is used for storing, porting, or extracting data files. It can also store
information/data both temporarily and permanently.

Types of Computer Memory

Primary Memory

Secondary Memory

1. Primary Memory: It is also known as internal memory and main memory. This is a section of the
CPU that holds program instructions, input data, and intermediate results. It is generally smaller in
size. RAM (Random Access Memory) and ROM (Read Only Memory) are examples of primary
storage.

2. Secondary Memory: Secondary storage is a memory that is stored external to the computer. It is
mainly used for the permanent and long-term storage of programs and data. Hard Disks, CDs, DVDs,
Pen/Flash drives, SSD, etc, are examples of secondary storage.
 COMPUTER
MEMORY
A memory is just like a human brain. It is used to store data and instructions.
Computer memory is the storage space in the computer, where data is to be
processed and instructions required for processing are stored. The memory is divided
into large number of small parts called cells. Each location or cell has a unique address,
which varies from zero to memory size minus one. For example, if the computer has 64k
words, then this memory unit has 64 * 1024 = 65536 memory locations. The address of
these locations varies from 0 to 65535.Memory is primarily of three types −
• Cache Memory
• Primary Memory/Main Memory
• Secondary Memory
P R I M A RY M E M O RY
Memory is the storage place where data and
instructions are stored. They can be retrieved from
memory whenever required. Every computer comes
with a certain amount of physical memory, usually
referred to as Main Memory or RAM. You can think
of main memory as an array of cells, each cell
holding a single bit of information. This means a
computer with 1MB of memory can hold about 1
million bytes of information. Memory is the most
essential element of a computing system because
without it computer can’t perform simple tasks.
Computer memory is of two basic type – Primary
memory / Volatile memory and Secondary memory /
non-volatile memory. Random Access Memory
(RAM) is volatile memory and Read Only Memory
(ROM) is non-volatile memory.
S E C O N D A RY M E M O RY

Memory is the storage place where data and instructions are

stored. They can be retrieved from memory whenever
required. Every computer comes with a certain amount of
physical memory, usually referred to as Main Memory or
RAM. You can think of main memory as an array of cells,
each cell holding a single bit of information. This means a
computer with 1MB of memory can hold about 1 million
bytes of information. Memory is the most essential element
of a computing system because without it computer can’t
perform simple tasks. Computer memory is of two basic
type – Primary memory / Volatile memory and Secondary
memory / non-volatile memory. Random Access Memory
(RAM) is volatile memory and Read Only Memory (ROM)
is non-volatile memory.
C A C H E M E M O RY

The speed of the CPU is extremely high

as compared to the access time of main
memory. the slowness of main memory
inhibits the performance of CPU. To
decrease the mismatch in operating
speed, a small memory chip is attached
between the CPU and the main memory,
whose access time is close to the
processing speed of the CPU. It is called
cache memory. Cache memory is
accessed more quickly than conventional
RAM. It is used to store programs or
data currently being executed or
temporary data frequently used by the
CPU. It is also called as read write
memory or the main memory or the
primary memory. The programs and data
that the CPU requires during execution
of a program are stored in this memory.
 RAM ROM
Random Access Memory (RAM)- It is a read/write (R/W) memory Read Only Memory (ROM)- ROM is non-volatile which means it retains
which is volatile. This means when power is turned off, all the contents the stored information even if power is turned off
are destroyed. This is memory that can be accessed randomly that is, any ROM is of four types:
byte of memory can be accessed without touching the preceding bytes. 1. Masked ROM: In this ROM a bit pattern is permanently recorded by
There are two basic types of RAM: Dynamic RAM (DRAM) and Static a marking and metallization process, which is an expensive and
RAM(SRAM) specialized one. Memory manufacturers are generally equipped to
undertake this process.
DRAM (Dynamic RAM)- Dynamic RAM is a more common type. 2. PROM (Programmable ROM): A PROM is a memory chip on
Dynamic RAM needs to be refreshed thousands of times per second. which data can be written onto only once. Once a program is written
DRAM stores a bit of data using a transistor and capacitor pair, which onto a PROM chip, it remains there forever. Unlike RAM, PROM
together comprise a memory cell. The capacitor holds a high or low retains its contents when the computer is turned off. The difference
charge (1 or 0, respectively), and the transistor acts as a switch that lets between a PROM and a ROM is that a PROM is manufactured as
the control circuitry on the chip read the capacitor’s state of charge or blank memory and programmed later with a special device called
change it. As this form of memory is less expensive to produce than PROM programmer or the PROM burner, whereas the ROM is
static RAM, it is the predominant form of computer memory used in programmed during manufacturing process. The process of
modern computers. programming a PROM is sometimes called burning a PROM.
3. EPROM (Erasable Programmable ROM): An EPROM is a special
SRAM (Static RAM)- Static RAM does not need to be refreshed, which type of PROM that can be erased by exposing it to ultraviolet light.
makes it faster, but it is more expensive than dynamic RAM. In static Once erased, it can be reprogrammed. An EPROM is similar to a
RAM, a bit of data is stored using the state of a flip-flop. This form of PROM except that it requires ultraviolet radiation to be erased.
RAM is more expensive to produce, but is generally faster and requires 4. EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM):
less power than DRAM and, in modern computers, is often used as EEPROM is a special type of PROM that can be erased by exposing
cache memory for the CPU. it to an electrical charge. Like other types of PROM, EEPROM
retains its contents even when the power is turned off. Also, like other
types of ROM, EEPROM is not as fast as RAM. EEPROM is similar
to Flash Memory (sometimes called flash EEPROM). The principal
difference is that EEPROM requires data to be written or erased one
byte at a time whereas flash memory allows data to be written or
erased in blocks.
 T Y P E S O F S E C O N D A RY M E M O RY

HARD DISK B L U R AY D I S K
C-D DRIVE DVD DRIVE PEN DRIVE
DRIVE

CD Drive- CD stands for Compact Disk. CDs DVD stands for Digital Blu Ray Disk (BD) is an
Hard disk drive is made Pen drive is a portable
are circular disks that use optical rays, Video Displa devices y. optical storage media
up of a series of circular usually lasers, to read and write data. They memory device that uses
DVD is optical that can used to store high
are very cheap as you can get 700 MB of solid state memory
disks called platters storage space for less than dollar. store 15 times the data definition (HD) video
rather than magnetic
arranged one over the There are three types of CDs
held by CDs. They are and other multimedia
1. CD-ROM - The data on these CDs are fields or lasers to record
other almost ½ inches recorded by the manufacturer. usually used to store filed. BD uses shorter
data. It uses a
apart around a spindle.
Proprietary Software, audio or video are
rich multimedia files wavelength laser as
released on CD-ROMs. technology similar to
that need high storage compared to CD/DVD.
Disks are made of non- 2. CD-R - Data can be written by the RAM, except that it is
user once on the CD-R. It cannot be capacity. DVDs also This enables writing arm
magnetic material like deleted or modified later.
nonvolatile. It is also
come in three varieties – to focus more tightly on
aluminum alloy and 3. CD-RW -Data can be written and called USB drive, key
deleted on these optical disks again read only, recordable the disk and hence pack
drive or flash memory.
coated with 10-20 nm of and again.
and rewritable. in more data. BDs can
magnetic material store up to 128 GB data.
 C L A S S I F I C AT I O N O F
COMPUTERS

ANALOG COMPUTERS DIGITAL COMPUTERS HYBRID COMPUTERS

Th e y a re u se d to p ro c e ss c o n ti n u o u s d a ta . An a l o g represents physical quantities with Various specifically designed computers

c o mp u t e rs rep re sen t v a ri a b le s b y p h y si c a l are with both digital and analog
the help of digits or numbers.
q u a n t it ie s. Th u s a n y c o mp u te r wh ic h so l v e characteristics combining the advantages
These numbers are used to perform
p ro b le m b y t ran sl a ti n g p h y sic a l c o n d i t io n s su ch a s of analog and digital computers when
flo w, t e mp e ra t u re , p ressu re , a n g u l a r p o si t i o n o r Arithmetic calculations and also working as a system. The hybrid system
v o l ta g e i n to re la t ed me c h an i c a l o r e le c t ri c al make logical decision to reach a provides the good precision that can be
rel a te d c i rc u i ts a s a n a n a l o g fo r th e p h y si c a l
conclusion, depending on, the data attained with analog computers and the
p h e n o me n o n b e i n g in v e st ig a t e d i n g e n e ra l i t i s a
greater control that is possible with
c o mp u t e r wh ic h u se s a n a n a lo g q u a n t i t y a n d they receive from the user.
digital computers, plus the ability to
p ro d u c es a n a lo g v a l u e s a s o u tp u t. An a l o g ​
accept the input data in either form. ​
c o mp u t e rs a re v e ry mu c h sp e e d y. ​
C L A S S I F I C AT I O N O F C O M P U T E R
ON THE BASIS OF SIZE
Large scientific and research laboratories as well as the
government organizations have extra ordinary demand for
SUPER processing data which required tremendous processing speed,
COMPTERS memory and other services which may not be provided with any
other category to meet their needs.

The most expensive, largest and the most quickest or speedy

MAIN computer are called mainframe computers. These computers
FRAME are used in large companies, factories, organizations etc..
COMPUTERS

Mini computers are smaller than mainframes, both in size and

MINI other facilities such as speed, storage capacity and other
COMPUTERS services. They are versatile that they can be fitted where ever
they are needed

These are the smallest range of computers having less storing

MICRO space and processing speed. Micro computers of todays are
equivalent to the mini computers of yesterday in terms of
COMPUTERS performing and processing. They are also called “computer of a
chip” because its entire circuitry is contained in one tiny chip.
C L A S S I F I C AT I O N O F C O M P U T E R
ON THE BASIS OF SIZE

The smallest computer in size has been developed. This type of

LAPTOP small computers look like an office brief case and called
“LAPTOP” computer. The laptops are also termed as
COMPUTERS “PORTABLE COMPUTERS.”

Desktop computers are designed for use at a desk or table.

They are typically larger and more powerful than other types
DESKTOP of personal computers. Desktop computers are made up of
COMPUTERS separate components.

Also called personal digital assistants (PDAs), are battery-powered

computers small enough to carry almost anywhere. Although not as
HANDHELD powerful as desktops or laptops, handhelds are useful for scheduling
COMPUTERS appointments, storing addresses etc.

They are mobile PCs that combine features of laptops and

TABLET handhelds. Like laptops, they’re powerful and have a built-in
screen. Like handhelds, they allow you to write notes or draw
PCS pictures on the screen, usually with a tablet pen instead of a
stylus.
THANK
YOU !
 THE FULL TEAM

TAKUMA HAYASHI​ MIRJAM NILSSON​​ FLORA BERGGREN​​ RAJESH SANTOSHI​​

President​ Chief Executive Officer​ Chief Operations Officer​ VP Marketing​

GRAHAM BARNES​ ROWAN MURPHY​ ELIZABETH MOORE​ ROBIN KLINE​

VP Product​ SEO Strategist​ Product Designer​ Content Developer​

8 /0 6 /2 0 XX PI T CH DE CK 20