Hawassa Institute of Technology

Faculty of Manufacturing
Industrial Engineering Program

Methods and Value Engineering (IEng 4124) Lecture Note

Nebiyou G. April 2023

 Chapter One
Introduction

Contents:
• Industrial Engineering
• Work study
• Historical perspective
 Engineering
Application of science to designing things: the
application of science in the design, planning,
construction, and maintenance of buildings,
machines, and other manufactured things.
Profession involving technical designing: a
branch of engineering pursued as a profession,
e.g. civil engineering or electronic engineering
 Design
Create detailed plan of something: to make a detailed
plan of the form or structure of something, emphasizing
features such as its appearance, convenience, and
efficient functioning.
a well-designed car interior
Plan and make something: to plan and make
something in a skillful or artistic way.

Design of industrial operations: the study and practice

of designing industrial operations.
Process of designing: the process, techniques, or art of
designing things.
 Industry
• Large-scale production: organized economic activity
connected with the production, manufacture, or
construction of a particular product or range of products.
• Widespread activity: an activity that many people are
involved in, especially one that has become
commercialized or standardized the counseling industry.
• Industrial Engineering (IE)
Design of industrial operations: the study and practice of
designing industrial operations.
 Industrial engineering
• In general, Industrial Engineering is the field of study
concerned with a system optimization to achieve
efficiency and effectiveness in production or services.
The American Institute of Industrial Engineers (AIIE)
defines industrial engineering as:
• “It is concerned with the design, improvement and
installation of integrated systems of people, materials,
equipment and energy. It draws upon specialized
knowledge and skill in the mathematical, physical and
social sciences together with the principles and
methods of engineering analysis and evaluate the
results to be obtained from such systems.”
 ….cont.
• It is an extensive field of study that consists of diverse
scientific disciplines with interfaces to various other fields
of study from the sciences, engineering, human factors and
management. It encompasses, for example, mathematical
models and computer programs, manufacturing,
production, quality and financial and management systems
or marketing.
• The graduates of Industrial Engineering or industrial
engineers figure out how to do things better; the engineer
processes and systems that improve quality and
productivity. They work to eliminate waste of time, money,
materials, energy, and other resources. Most important of
all, industrial engineers save companies money.
 Work Study
• Definition: Work study is the process of analyzing a job
in order to determine the best way to complete it. As
well as determining the typical time to complete it using
the preferred (or specified) method. As a result, work
study is divided into two areas: method study (motion
study) and time study (work measurement).
 Work Study
i
 …cont.

• One of the most powerful tools to improve productivity is

work study.
Work study is:
The systematic examinations of the methods of carrying on
activity
To improve effective use of resources
To set up standards of performance
 Work study aims at the following:
• Simplifying or modifying the methods of operation
• Reduces unnecessary or excess work
• Stops wasteful use of resources
• Contributes to industrial safety by identifying hazardous
work and developing safer methods
• Cuts down the time of performing a certain activity.
...cont.
 Productivity

• Productivity is the efficiency of production of goods or

services expressed by some measure. Measurements of
productivity are often expressed as a ratio of an
aggregate output to a single input or an aggregate input
used in a production process, i.e. output per unit of
input, typically over a specific period of time.
• High productivity refers to doing the work in a shortest
possible time with least expenditure on inputs without
sacrificing quality and with minimum wastage of
resources.
Productivity
Historical Developments
Frederick Winslow Taylor ( 1856 -1915),

• Father of scientific management.

• Widely known as F. W. Taylor,
• He was the first man in recorded history who
deemed work deserving of systematic
observation and study.
Taylor thought that by analyzing work, the
"One Best Way" to do it would be found.
Taylor's scientific management
1. Replace rule-of-thumb work methods with
methods based on a scientific study of the tasks.
2. Scientifically select, train, and develop each
employee rather than passively leaving them to
train themselves.
3. Provide "Detailed instruction and supervision of
each worker in the performance of that worker's
discrete task" (Montgomery 1997: 250).
4. Divide work nearly equally between managers
and workers, so that the managers apply
scientific management principles to planning the
work and the workers actually perform the tasks.
 Frank and Lilian Gilbreth

• They considered as the founders of the modern motion

study technique.
• Which may be defined as the study of the body motions
used in performing an operation, for the purpose of
improving the operation by eliminating.
• Unnecessary motions,
• Simplifying necessary motions,
• Establishing the most favorable motion sequence for
maximum efficiency.
 …cont.

• Gilbreth reduced all motions of the hand into some

combination of 18 basic motions. like grasp, transport
loaded, hold, etc.
• She named the motions therbligs
• They developed the technique of filming motions for
study, known as micro-motion study.
• The Gilbreths also developed the cycle-graphic and
chrono-cycle graph analysis techniques for studying the
motion paths made by an operator.
 Carl G. Barth
• Developed a production slide rule for estimating the
most efficient combinations of speeds and feeds for
cutting metals of various hardness, considering the
depth of cut, size of tool, and life of the tool.
• Estimation of allowances.
 Harring Emerson
• He wrote a book, Twelve Principles of Efficiency, in
which he made an effort to inform management of
procedures for efficient operation.
• Emerson coined the term Efficiency engineering. His
ideal was efficiency everywhere and in everything.
 Morris L. Cooke

• He published Organized Labor and Production in

which they brought out that the goal of both labor
and management is optimum productivity.
• This he defined as “the highest possible balanced output
of goods and services that management and labor
skills can produce, equitably shared and consistent
with a rational conservation of human and physical
resources”.
 Henry Laurence Gantt
• The Gantt chart:
• Industrial Efficiency
• The Task and Bonus System:
• The social responsibility of business:
Franklin D. Roosevelt
• Motion and time study received added stimulus
during World War II when Franklin D. Roosevelt,
through the U.S. Department of Labor, attempted to
establish standards for increasing production.