1
Real-time & Embedded System
2
Chapter – 1
Embedded System
Definition
3
Embedded System: any device that includes a
computer but not itself a general purpose
computer.
Hardware and software part of large system
and expected to function without human
intervention.
Definition
4
Responds, monitors, controls external
environment using sensors and actuators.
Any system where the user doesn’t want to
know that it includes a processor.
Embedding a Computer
5
Output Analog
CPU Input
Mem. Analog
Embedded Computer
Examples
6
Personal Digital Assistant (PDA)
Printers
Cell phone
Automobile: engine, brakes, dash, etc.
Television
Household appliances
Continued
7
Product: Palm Vx
handheld
Microprocessor:
32-bit Motorola
Dragonball EZ
Continued
8
Product: Motorola i1000
plus iDEN Multi Service
Digital Phone
Microprocessor:
32-bit Motorola MCORE
Application Examples
9
Simple control: front panel of Microwave
ovens, etc.
Camera: Canon EOS 3 has three
microprocessors
• 32-bit RISC CPU runs auto-focus
Analog TV: Channel selection, etc.
Digital TV: Decompression, Descrambling, etc
Automobile embedded systems
10
Today's high-end automobile may have 100
microprocessors:
• 4-bit microprocessors checks seat belt
• Microcontroller run dashboard devices
• 16/32 bit microprocessor controls engine
Example: Automobile
11
Sensor Sensor
Brake Brake
Automated Hydraulic
Braking System Pump
Brake Brake
Sensor Sensor
Characteristics of embedded system
12
Sophisticated functionality
Real-time operation (always?)
Low manufacturing cost
Application dependent processor
Restricted memory
Low power consumption
• Power consumption is critical in battery power
devices.
Real-time operation
13
Must finish operations by deadline
• Hard real time: missing deadline causes
failure
• Soft real time: missing deadline results in
degraded performance
Many systems are multi-rate: must handle
operations at widely varying rates.
Application dependent requirements
14
Fault-tolerance
• Continue operation despite hardware or
software faults
Safe
• Systems to avoid physical or economic damage
to person or property
More features
15
Dedicated system
• Predefined functionality-accordingly hardware
& software design
• Programmability rarely used during lifetime of
the system.
• Real-time, fault tolerance, safe
More Examples
16
Product: Pepsi Vending
machine
Microprocessor:
4-bit Motorola
68HC11
. . . . . . Web-enabled vending machine
Cont . . .
17
Product: GPS Receiver
Microprocessor:
16-bit
Cont . . .
18
Product: MP3 Player
Microprocessor:
32-bit RISC
Cont . . .
19
Product: DVD Player
Microprocessor:
32-bit RISC
Cont . . .
20
Product: Sony Aibo
ERS-110 Robotic Dog
Microprocessor:
64-bit MIPS RISC
Types of embedded system
21
Similar to General Computing
• PDA, Video games, Set-top boxes, automatic
teller machine
Control Systems
• Feed-back control of real time system
• Vehicle engines, flight control, nuclear reactor
Signal Processing
• Radar, DVD players
Communication & Networking
• Cellular phones, Internet appliances
Nature of System Function
22
Control Laws
Sequencing Logic
Signal Processing
Application Specific Interfacing
Fault Response
Architecture
23
FPGA Mem. SOFTWARE
Sensors ADC CPU DAC Actuators
Human Diagnos Auxiliary
Interface tic tools Systems
Electromechanical
packaging
Sensors
24
A sensor converts some physical characteristics
of its environment into electrical signals
Examples of sensor
• A photo-voltaic cell converts light energy into
electrical energy
• A temperature sensor typically operates based
on the principle of thermocouple.
• Pressure sensor typically operates based on
piezoelectricity principle.
Actuators
25
An actuator converts electrical signals into
some physical actions.
The physical action may be:
• Motion, change of thermal, electrical,
pneumatic, or physical characteristics of
some objects.
Actuators
26
Examples of actuators
• Motors
• Heaters
• Hydraulic and pneumatic actuators
ADC & DAC
27
Analog – to – digital converters (ADC)
• Converts continuous signals to discrete numbers
The reverse operation
• Performed by digital – to- analog converters
(DAC)
Implementing Embedded System
28
Hardware
Processing elements
Peripherals
I/O Devices
Interfacing sensors & Hardware
actuators Software
Memory Partitioning
Bus of
Software Tasks
System software
Application
Software
29
Programs must be logically & temporally
correct
Must deal with inherent physical
concurrency
• Reactive systems
Reliability & fault tolerance are critical
issues
Application Specific & single purpose
Multi-Tasking and Concurrency
30
Embedded systems need to deal with
several inputs & outputs and multiple
events occurring simultaneously.
Separate tasks simplifies
programming, but requires somehow
switching back & forth among different
tasks (multi-tasking)
Multi-Tasking and Concurrency
31
Concurrency is the appearance of
simultaneous execution of multiple
tasks.
Challenges in embedded system design
32
How much hardware do we need?
• What is word size of CPU? Size of memory
How do we meet our deadline?
• Faster hardware or cleverer software?
How do we minimize power?
• Turn off unnecessary logic? Reduce memory
access
Embedded System Design
33
Multi-Objective Multi-Discipline Life Cycle
Dependability Electronic Hardware Requirement
Affordability Software Design
Safety
X Mechanical Hardware
X Manufacturing
Security Control Algorithm Deployment
Scalability Human Logistics
Timeliness Society, institutions Retirement
Design goals
34
Performance
• Overall speed, deadlines
Functionality & User Interface
Manufacturing cost
Power Consumption
Other requirement (physical size, etc)
Design & Development Processes
35
requirement
specification
architecture
Component
design
System
Integration
36
Embedded Hardware
Embedded System Hardware
37
Embedded system hardware is used for
processing of input to produce output
in task specific fashion.
Input Information Output
Interfaces Processing Interfaces
System
Processors
38
Microprocessors and Micro-Controller
Key requirement:
• Energy Efficiency
• High code density
Microprocessors
39
CPU for computers
No RAM, ROM, I/O on CPU chip itself
Example: Intel’s x86, Motorola’s 680x0
Data Bus
CPU
General I/O Serial
purpose RAM ROM Timer
Port port
Micropro
cessor
Address Bus
What is Micro-controller
40
Basically, a micro-controller is a device
which integrates a number of the
components of a microprocessor
system onto a single microchip.
• The CPU core
• Memory (both ROM & RAM)
• Some parallel digital I/O & more
Components of a Micro-controller
41
A timer module to allow the micro-
controller to perform tasks for certain
time period.
A serial I/O port to allow data flow b/n
the micro-controller and other devices.
An ADC to allow the micro-controller
to accept analogue input data for
processing.
Micro-controller
42
Program Parallel Port Parallel Port
Memory
Data Counter/
Memory Timer
Core Serial Serial
Parallel Port Port Port
Why Micro-controller?
43
Low cost, small packaging
Low Power Consumption
Programmable, re-programmable
Lots of I/O Capability
Single purpose
Architecture
44
Architecture
45
46
END
