ETYMOLOGY OF ENGLISH WORDS.
NATIVE AND BORROWED WORDS IN
ENGLISH
Lecture 5
Lecture 4
THE ORIGIN OF ENGLISH WORDS;
ASSIMILATION OF LOAN WORDS;
ETYMOLOGICAL DOUBLETS;
INTERNATIONAL WORDS.
Literature:
Арнольд И. В. Лексикология
современного английского языка. //
Учебники и учебные пособия для ВУЗов -
М.: Флинта, 2012 – стр. 198-218 (§120-
131); стр. 321 – 339 (§175-181);
Бабич Г. Н. Lexicology: A Current Guide.
Лексикология английского языка. //
Учебное пособие. М.: Издательство
«Флита», 2010 – стр. 20 – 32.
THE ORIGIN OF ENGLISH WORDS
Native words:
- words of the Common Indo-European word
stock (father (OE fæder, Greek patér, Latin páter, French
pere, Persian pedær, Sanscrit pitr));
- words of the Common Germanic origin
to sing (OE singan, Gothic siggwan, German singen).
THE ORIGIN OF ENGLISH WORDS
simple structure (they are often monosyllabic),
developed polysemy,
great word-building power,
an ability to enter a great number of phraseological
units,
a wide range of lexical and grammatical valency,
stability
THE ORIGIN OF ENGLISH WORDS
Sourse of borrowing - the language from
which the word is taken;
Origin of borrowing - the language to which it
may be traced.
THE ORIGIN OF ENGLISH WORDS
Translation: wonderchild ← Wunderkind (Germ),
it goes without saying ← cela va sans dire (Fr)
Semantic loans: in OE the word bread meant “a piece” ;
under the influence of the Scandinavian brand it acquired its
modern meaning
THE ORIGIN OF ENGLISH WORDS:
Latin borrowings – 1 (5th century AD )
names of food (wine, butter, cheese, pepper,
pear, plum, etc.),
words, naming objects of material culture
such as household articles (kitchen, kettle,
cup, dish),
measures (pound, inch), civil and military
constructions (mill, street, camp, port),
Lincoln, Manchester, Glouster, Leicester
THE ORIGIN OF ENGLISH WORDS:
Latin borrowings – 2 (6th century AD )
Abbot, altar, angel, anthem, candle, canon,
devil, nun, pope, priest, psalm, rule, temple
School (Gk), verse, master, circle,
grammatical, meter.
THE ORIGIN OF ENGLISH WORDS:
Latin borrowings – 3 (14th-16th century AD )
Accent, idea, effect, fate, history, memory, to
adopt, to celebrate, to describe, to collect, to
decorate, absent, accurate, direct, equal,
fatal, future, humane, literary, neutral, solar.
THE ORIGIN OF ENGLISH WORDS:
Latin borrowings – 4 (modern times)
humanoid, multinational, microwave,
transatlantic
THE ORIGIN OF ENGLISH WORDS:
Latin borrowings (peculiarities)
1) verbs ending in –ate (narrate, separate, etc.),
2) verbs in –ute, (constitute, execute, prosecute),
3) verbs and verbal nouns, derived from Latin infinitival
and participial forms (permit/permission,
admit/admission),
4) adjectives in –ant, –ent (reluctunt, evident, obidient),
5) adjectives in –ior, formed from Latin stems of the
comparative degree (superior, inferior, major, minor),
6) words with x, pronounced [gz] (exam, exert),
7) words with beginning with v (they are either French or
Latin, but never native: van, vocabulary.
THE ORIGIN OF ENGLISH WORDS:
Greek borrowings
athlete, lexicon, idiom, scene, catastrophe,
catalogue, myth, rhyme, theatre, drama,
tragedy, geography, psychology, philosophy,
Alexander, Catharine, Christopher, Dorothea,
Eugene, George, Helen, Irene, Margaret,
Myron, Nicholas, Peter, Philip, Sophia,
Stephen, Theodore.
THE ORIGIN OF ENGLISH WORDS:
Greek borrowings (peculiarities)
1) the sound [k] - ch (Christ, character),
2) the letter p - before s (psychic) and n
(pneumonia),
3) the sound [f] - ph (alphabet, emphasis),
4) the sound [r] – rh, rrh (diarrhea, rhetoric),
5) i instead of y (system, sympathy),
6) the letter x - [z] (xenophobia, xenon,
Xerox)
THE ORIGIN OF ENGLISH WORDS:
Greek borrowings – (modern times)
antiglobalist,
hyperactive,
paralinguistic
THE ORIGIN OF ENGLISH WORDS:
Scandinavian borrowings (8th-11th century)
egg, husband, root, wing, anger, weak,
loose, wrong, happy, ugly, die, cut, take,
give, call, want, they, their, them, both, same,
till,
they - hi, take –niman,
hide/skin, craft/skill.
THE ORIGIN OF ENGLISH WORDS:
Scandinavian borrowings (8th-11th century)
by: Derby ;
–thorp: Althrop,
–toft: Eastoft.
THE ORIGIN OF ENGLISH WORDS:
Scandinavian borrowings (peculiarities)
[sk] sk/sc (sky, skill, ski, scrape, scare),
[i:], [i] and [e] after k (kettle, key, kilt, kid).
THE ORIGIN OF ENGLISH WORDS:
French borrowings – 1 (11th century)
1) religious terms: religion, clergy, paradise, prayer, saint, sacrifice, vice,
virtue;
2) administrative terms: state, government, parliament, nation, reign,
country;
3) legal terms: court, judge, justice, jury, defendant, crime, penalty;
4) military terms: army, war, battle, officer, enemy;
5) educational terms: pupil, lesson, library, pen, pencil;
6) terms of art, architecture and literature: art, literature,
architecture, poet;
7) words denoting pleasures: pleasure, joy, delight, comfort, leisure;
8) words denoting food and ways of cooking: beaf, mutton,
veal, pork, bacon, sausage, biscuit, cream, sugar, fruit, grape, orange, peach.
THE ORIGIN OF ENGLISH WORDS:
French borrowings – 2 (17th century)
machine, bourgeois, ballet, naive, fatigue,
grotesque
THE ORIGIN OF ENGLISH WORDS:
French borrowings (peculiarities)
the letters j, g [dз] or v at the beginning of
the word ,
the letter combinations and letters ch, ou [u:];
ps and t at the end of the word;
the sound [zh], the sound combinations [bw],
[lw], [mw], [nw],
the stress falling on the last syllable.
THE ORIGIN OF ENGLISH WORDS:
Celtic borrowings
uisge (вoда): Exe, Esk, Usk,
dun (крепость): Dundee, Dunbar;
cum (долина) – Duncombe, Boscombe;
llan (церковь) –Llandovery, Llanely,
London : llyn (река) and dun (крепость).
THE ORIGIN OF ENGLISH WORDS:
Italian borrowings
1) words from the sphere of art: aria, baritone, concert,
opera, piano, violin, sonata, tempo, scenario, fresco, studio,
2) military terms: alarm, cartridge, cavalery, regimen, captain,
colonel, pistol, campaign, brave, ambush, attack;
3) names of food: ravioli, spaghetti, macaroni, pizza,
4) festive terms: confetti, costume, masquerade, carnival,
carrousel, tarantella;
5) religious terms: Madonna, cardinal;
6) crimes: charlatan, bandit, assassin, contraband, vendetta,
mafia;
7) banking terms: cash, debit, credit, deposit, bank, bankrupt;
THE ORIGIN OF ENGLISH WORDS:
Dutch borrowings
to gloss, rock, spool, stripe,
deck, yacht, skipper, dock, reef,
sketch, landscape, easel,
luck, wagon, brandy, boss, snatch.
THE ORIGIN OF ENGLISH WORDS:
Spanish and Portuguese borrowings
armada, galleon, grenade, escalade,
cannibal, negro, mulatto, quadroon, alligator,
mosquito, cockroach, turtle, vanilla, canyon,
lasso, hurricane
THE ORIGIN OF ENGLISH WORDS:
Spanish and Portuguese borrowings
rodeo, corrida, torero, picador, matador,
fiesta, bolero, flamenco
senor, caballero, don, dona, hidalgo, infanta,
junta, guerilla
cigarette, mantilla, sombrero, guitar,
machete, mustang, potato, maize, tobacco,
tomato, chocolate, banana, etc.
THE ORIGIN OF ENGLISH WORDS:
German borrowings
zinc, quarz, calcit, cobalt, wolfram, nickel,
dahlia, kohlrabi, plankton, alkaloid, aspirin,
polymer, function, monad, satellite,
objective, determinism, intuition, dialectic,
transcendental, class struggle,
wehrmacht, blitzkrig, gestapo, nazi,
schnaps, poodle, marzipan, waltz, swindler,
lobby, iceberg, kindergarden, rucksack.
THE ORIGIN OF ENGLISH WORDS:
Arabic and Persian borrowings
elixir, mummy, azimuth algebra, algorithm,
zero, apricot, coffee, cotton, sandal, spinach,
alchemy,
islam, Moslem,
divan, lemon
THE ORIGIN OF ENGLISH WORDS:
Russian borrowings
tsar, kvass, vodka, telega, shuba, rouble,
muzhik, steppe, taiga, samovar, troika,
narodnik, nihilist, Decembrist, intelligentsia,
Periodic law, chernozem,
Soviet, Bolshevik, Komsomol, kolkhoz,
perestroyka, uskoreniye.
THE ORIGIN OF ENGLISH WORDS:
Borrowings (16th – 17th centuries )
Indian language bandana, calico, cashmere,
bungalow, jungle, khaki, nirvana, shampoo.
Malaysian – bamboo, gong, orang-outang;
Chinese –silk, nankeen, kaolin, serge;
Japanese – geisha, harakiri, riksha, kimono, jiu-jitsu;
Australian – boomerang, kangaroo;
Polynesean – tattoo, taboo;
African – baobab, chimpanzee, gorilla, guinea;
the languages of North-American Indians –moccasin,
oppossum, racoon, tomahawk, etc.
ASSIMILATION OF LOAN WORDS
1) completely assimilated words;
2) partially assimilated words;
3) unassimilated words, or barbarisms.
ETYMOLOGICAL DOUBLETS
facere - fact and feat,
discus - disc, dish
ETYMOLOGICAL DOUBLETS
1) share-scar, shirt-skirt (N+Sc);
2) canal (Lat) - channel (Fr); senior (Lat)-sir (Fr);
3) gaol (prison [dzeil]) (Norman French) – jail
(Parisian French), catch (N. Fr) - chase (Par. Fr);
4) shade - shadow --- OE sceadu. Shade
developed from the Nominative case of this
word, shadow – from the Dative case (OE
sceadwe).
INTERNATIONAL WORDS
second, minute, professor, opera, jazz, sport,
laptop, DVD disc, genetic code, bionics,
sports (football, volleyball, hockey),
clothes (pullover, sweater, leggins, jersey),
food and drinks (pizza, spagetti),
avocado, grapefruit, mango, anaconda.
INTERNATIONAL WORDS
control : : контроль; general : : генерал;
industry : : индустрия,
magazine : : магазин,
football, out, match, tennis, time, jersey,
pullover, sweater, nylon, tweed, film, club,
cocktail, jazz
