PHYSICS

PRESENTATION
Group 2
 Contents of this presentation
1.The electric field of an Electric Dipole

1.1 The Electric Field Along the Dipole Axis

1.2 Electric Field Along the Perpendicular Bisector of a Dipole Axis

2. Electric field of a Continuous charge Distribution

2.1 The Electric Field Due to a Charged Rod

2.2 The Electric of a Uniformly Charged Arc
2.3 The Electric Field of a Uniformly Charged Ring
2.4 The Electric Field of a Uniformly Charged Disk
 01
The electric field of an
Electric Dipole
Definition The symbol representation of an electric
dipole is typically denoted by an arrow
pointing from the negative charge to the
positive charge. The arrowhead indicates the
Electric dipole is a pair of direction of the positive charge, and the tail
indicates the direction of the negative charge.
equal and opposite electric This convention is used to represent the
charges separated by a small dipole moment vector.
distance. Here is the symbolic representation:
—→
—
→
The electric field of an electric dipole refers to Examples in our daily lives include:
the region surrounding a pair of equal and
opposite charges, known as the dipole. It is a .Water molecule
vector field that describes the influence or
force experienced by other charges in the
.Car battery
vicinity of the dipole. The electric field lines
of an electric dipole extend from the positive
charge to the negative charge, forming a
.Capacitors
pattern that depends on the separation distance
and the magnitudes of the charges. .Biological systems

.Chemical bonds in molecules

 We will call the electric field produced
by the positive charge → E+ and the
electric field produced by the negative
charge → E−. Using the superposition
principle, the total electric field at P is:
→ E = → E+ + → E− = k q+ r2 + →ˆ
r+ + k q− r2 − →ˆ r− (20.8) From the
The electric field →E = →E+ +→E− at geometry of Fig. 20.7,
point P(x, y) due to an electric dipole
located along the x-axis. The dipole has a
length 2a Let us assume that a point P(x, y)
exists in the xy-plane as shown in Fig.
20.7.
we have r2 + = (x −a)2 +y2 and r2 − = (x Therefore, the general electric field will
+a)2 +y2. In addition, →ˆ r + is a unit take the following form: → E = kq →ˆ
vector directed outwards and away from r+ (x − a)2 + y2 − →ˆ r− (x + a)2 + y2
the positive charge q+ at (+a, 0). On the (20.10) The Electric Field Along the
other hand, →ˆ r− is a unit vector Dipole Axis Let us first assume a point
directed outwards and away from the P exists on the dipole axis, i.e. y = 0,
negative charge q− at (−a, 0). and satisfies the condition x < −a, as
Accordingly, Eq. 20.8 becomes shown in Fig. 20.8a. In this case, →ˆ r+
= →ˆ r− = −→ i , where → i is a unit
vector along the x-axis
 When x a we can take out a factor of x2
When P has an x-coordinate that from each denominator of the brackets of
satisfies −a < x < + a as in Fig. the last formula for x > +a and then expand
20.8b, then →ˆ r + = −→ i and →ˆ r each of these terms by binomial expansion.
− = +→ i . When P satisfies x > + a Therefore, we get: → E = kq 1 (x − a)2 − 1
(x + a)2 → i = kq x2 1 − a x −2 − 1 + a x −2
as in Fig. 20.8c, then →ˆ r + = →ˆ r
→ i = kq x2 1 + 2a x −··· − 1 − 2a x +··· → i
− = +→ i . Substituting in Eq. 20.10, kq x2 4a x → i = 2 k (2a q) x3 → i x a
we get (20.12) For x −a, we can find an identical
expression but with |x| instead of x in the
last formula. The product of the positive
charge q and the length of the dipole 2a is
called the magnitude of the electric dipole
moment, p = 2a q. The direction of →p is
taken to be from the negative charge to the
positive charge of the dipole, i.e. →p = p → i
.
 Fig.20.9 The electric field →E =→E+
+→E− at point P(0, y) along the y-axis of
Thus, at far distances, the electric field an electric dipole lying along the x-axis with
along the x-axis is proportional to the a length 2
electric dipole moment →p and varies as
1/|x3|
A proton and an electron separated by 2 ×
10−10 m form an electric dipole, see Fig.
20.10. Use exact and approximate
formulae to calculate the electric field on
the x-axis at a distance 20 × 10−10 m to
the right of the dipole’s center.
Solution: In this problem we have a = 10−10
m, q = e = 1.6 × 10−19 C, x = 20 × 10−10
m, ke = (9 × 109 N.m2/C2) (1.6 × 10−19 C)
= 1.44 × 10−9 N.m2/C, x − a = 19 × 10−10
m, and x + a = 21 × 10−10 m. Using the
exact formula given by Eq. 20.11 in the case
of x > +a, we have: E = ke 1 (x − a)2 − 1 (x
+ a)2 = (1.44 × 10−9 N.m2/C) 1 (19 ×
10−10 m)2 − 1 (21 × 10−10 m)2 = (1.44 ×
10−9 N.m2/C)[2.770 × 1017 m−2 − 2.268 ×
1017m−2] = 7.236 × 107 N/C On the other
hand, we have x a and we can use the
approximate formula given by Eq. 20.13 as
follows: E = 2k p x3 = 2k 2a e x3 = ke 4a x3
= (1.44 × 10−9 N.m2/C) (4 × 10−10 m) (20 ×
10−10 m)3 = 7.200 × 107 N/C Clearly this
calculation is a good approximation when
x/a = 20
20.4 Electric Field of a Continuous
Charge Distribution The electric field at
point P due to a continuous charge
distribution shown in Fig. 20.11 can be
evaluated by: (1) Dividing the charge
distribution into small elements, each
of charge qn that is located relative to
point P by the position vector →rn = rn
→
Now we consider cases were the
σ = Q A (20.22) where σ has the
total charge is uniformly distributed
units of coulomb per square meter
on a line, on a surface, or
(C/m2). (3) When the charge Q is
throughout a volume. It is
uniformly distributed throughout a
convenient to introduce the charge
volume V, the volume charge
density as follows: (1) When the
density ρ is defined as: ρ = Q V
charge Q is uniformly distributed
(20.23) where ρ has the units of
along a line of length L, the linear
coulomb per cubic meter (C/m3).
charge density λ is defined as: λ =
Accordingly, the charge dq of a
Q L (20.21) where λ has the units
small length dL, a small surface of
of coulomb per meter (C/m). (2)
area dA, or a small volume dV is
When the charge Q is uniformly
respectively given by: dq = λ dL, dq
distributed on a surface of area A,
= σ dA, dq = ρ dV (20.24)
the surface
charge density σ is defined as:
2 The Electric Field of a Uniformly Charged
Arc Assume that a rod has a uniformly
distributed total positive charge Q. Also
assume that the rod is bent into a circular
section of radius R and central angle φ rad.
To find the electric field at the center P of
this arc, we place coordinate axes such that
the axis of symmetry of the arc lies along
the y-axis and the origin is at the arc’s
center, see Fig. 20.17a. If we let λ
represent the linear charge density of this
arc which has a length Rφ, then: λ = Q Rφ
(20.37) For an arc element ds subtending
an angle dθ at P, we have: ds = R dθ
(20.38) Therefore, the charge dq on this arc
element will be given by: dq = λ ds = Q Rφ
R dθ = Q φ dθ
To find the electric field at point P, we first
calculate the magnitude of the electric
field dE at P due to this element of charge
dq, see Fig. 20.17b, as follows: dE = k dq
R2 = kQ R2φ dθ (20.40) This field has a
vertical component dEy = dE cos θ along
the y-axis and a horizontal component dEx
along the negative x-axis, as shown in Fig.
20.17b. The x-component created at P by
any charge element dq is canceled by a
symmetric charge element on the opposite
side of the arc. Thus, the perpendicular
components of all of the charge elements
sum to zero. The vertical component will
take the form: dEy = dE cos θ = kQ R2φ
cos θ dθ
dE = k dq r2 (20.47) This field has a
vertical component dEz = dE sin θ
along the z-axis and a component
dE⊥ perpendicular to it, as shown in
Fig. 20.18. The perpendicular
component created atPby any
charge segment is canceled by a
symmetric charge segment on the
opposite side of the ring. Thus, the
perpendicular components of all of
the charge segments sum to zero.
Using r = √ R2 + a2 and sin θ = a/r,
the vertical component will take the
form: dEz = dE sin θ = k dq r2 a r =
ka dq (R2 + a2)3/2
Thanks!