THE CONCEPT

OF SOCIETY
 Society has function and
structural definition.
 From the functional, society is
defined as a complex of groups
in reciprocal relationships and
interacting upon one another.
 While in structural point of
view, society is the total
social heritage of folkways,
mores and institutions; of
habits, sentiments and
ideals.
REASONS PEOPLE LIVE
TOGETHER AS A SOCIETY
For survival. No man is an island. No man can
live alone.
Feeling of gregariousness/sociable. This is
the desire of people to be with other people,
especially of their own culture. Also, they flock
together for emotional warmth and
belongingness.
REASONS PEOPLE LIVE
TOGETHER AS A SOCIETY
 Specialization. Teachers, businessmen,
students, physicians, nurses, lawyers,
pharmacists, and other professionals organize
themselves into societies or associations to
promote and protect their own professions.
CHARACTERISTICS OF
SOCIETY
1. It is a social system. Interaction
2. It is relatively large. a family, clan, tribe,
neighborhood, community
3. It socializes its members and from those
from without.
CHARACTERISTICS OF
SOCIETY
4. It endures, produces and
sustains its members for
generations. For society to survive,
it must have the ability to produce,
endure and sustain its new members
for at least several generations.
CHARACTERISTICS OF
SOCIETY
5. It has clearly-defined
geographical territory.
MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF
SOCIETY
1. It provides a system of
socialization.
2. It provides the basic needs of its
members.
3. It regulates and controls people’s
behavior.
MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF
SOCIETY
4. It provides the means of social
participation.
5. It provides mutual support to
the members.
TYPES OF SOCIETY
1. Food Gathering Societies
 The people survived from day to
day through hunting larger
animals, collecting shellfish and
vegetable gathering. Their tools
were made of stones, wood and
bones.
TYPES OF SOCIETY
2. Horticultural Societies
 The people planted seeds as a
means of production.
TYPES OF SOCIETY
3. Pastoral Societies
 Most of the people are nomadic
who follow their herds in quest of
animals for food and clothing to
satisfy their needs. They raised
animals to provide milk, fur and
blood for protein.
TYPES OF SOCIETY
4. Agricultural Societies
 Irrigation farming was introduced
which resulted to a larger yield of
production that can even feed
large number of people who did
not know how to produce food by
themselves.
TYPES OF SOCIETY
5. Industrial Societies
 This period is characterized by
the use of machines as means of
food production. Mass production
of guns, invention of steam
locomotives and large production
of steel.
TYPES OF SOCIETY
6. Post Industrial/ Information
Societies
 characterized by the spread of
computer technology, advances in
this technology are made by highly-
trained computer specialists.
THE CONCEPT
OF CULTURE
MEANING AND NATURE OF
CULTURE
E.B. Taylor's definition of
culture, formulated in the
1860s. Culture
encompasses various
aspects of human existence.
MEANING AND NATURE OF
CULTURE
This includes knowledge, beliefs,
attitudes, skills, values, norms, art, law,
morals, customs, traditions, feelings,
and other capabilities that humans
acquire and transmit socially from one
generation to another through language
and communal living within a society.
CHARACTERISTICS OF
CULTURE
From Sociological Perspective.
1. Dynamic, flexible and adaptive
-Culture is adaptive and dynamic,
once we recognize problems, culture
can adapt again, in a more positive
way, to find solutions.
CHARACTERISTICS OF
CULTURE
From Sociological Perspective.
2. Shared and maybe challenged.
-as we share culture with others,
we are able to act in an appropriate
ways as well as predict how others will
act.
CHARACTERISTICS OF
CULTURE
From Sociological Perspective.
3. Learned through socialization or
Enculturation.
-people do not inherit it but
learned as interact in society.
CHARACTERISTICS OF
CULTURE
From Sociological Perspective.
4. Patterned Social Interactions.
-Interactions are guided by
some forms of standards and
expectations which in the end
regularize it.
CHARACTERISTICS OF
CULTURE
From Sociological Perspective.
5. Transmitted through socialization or
Enculturation.
-able to pass it on to the new
members of society or the younger
generation in different ways.
CHARACTERISTICS OF
CULTURE
From Anthropological Perspective.
1. Learned.
-Culture is learned, as
each person must learn how to
“be” a member of that culture.
CHARACTERISTICS OF
CULTURE
From Anthropological Perspective.
2. Symbolic.
-Beliefs, religion, rituals, myths,
dances, performances, music,
artworks and so are meaningful
human expressions of what people
do and how they act.
CHARACTERISTICS OF
CULTURE
From Anthropological Perspective.
3. Systemic and integrated.
-Culture is systemic and
integrated as the parts of
culture work together in an
integrated whole.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF
CULTURE
From Anthropological Perspective.
4. Shared.
-Culture is shared, as it
offers all people ideas
about behavior.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF
CULTURE
From Anthropological Perspective.
5. Encompassing.
-Culture covers every
feature of humanity.
IMPORTANCE/FUNCTIONS OF
CULTURE
1. It serves as the
“trademark” of the
people in the society.
IMPORTANCE/FUNCTIONS OF
CULTURE
2. It gives meaning
and direction to
one’s existence.
IMPORTANCE/FUNCTIONS OF
CULTURE
2. it promotes
meaning to
individual’s
existence.
IMPORTANCE/FUNCTIONS OF
CULTURE
3. It gives meaning
and direction to
one’s existence.
IMPORTANCE/FUNCTIONS OF
CULTURE
4. It predicts social
behavior.
5. It unifies diverse
behavior.
IMPORTANCE/FUNCTIONS OF
CULTURE
6. It provides social
solidarity.
7. It establishes social
personality
ELEMENTS OF CULTURE
1. Symbols
-It is anything
that gives meaning to
the culture.
ELEMENTS OF CULTURE
2. Language
-It system
of words and symbols used
to communicate with other
people.
ELEMENTS OF CULTURE
3. Technology
-refers to the application
of knowledge and equipment to
ease
the task of living and
maintaining the environment.
ELEMENTS OF CULTURE
4. Values
-culturally defined
standards for what is good or
desirable. It determine how
individuals will probably respond
in any given circumstances.
ELEMENTS OF CULTURE
5. Beliefs
-They are conceptions or
ideas of people have about
what is true in the environment
around them like what is life.
ELEMENTS OF CULTURE
6. Norms
-are specific
rules/standards to guide
for appropriate behavior.
TYPES OF NORMS
1. Proscriptive Norm
-defines
and
tells us things not
to do.
TYPES OF NORMS
1. Proscriptive Norm
-discouraging
negative behaviors.
Example: Do not Cheat
TYPES OF NORMS
2. Prescriptive Norm
-defines
and
tells us things to
do.
TYPES OF NORMS
2. Prescriptive Norm
-encouraging
positive behavior.
Example: Be honest
FORMS
A. FOLKWAYS
-are also known as
customs(customary/repet
itive ways of doing
things).
FORMS
A. FOLKWAYS
-they are forms of norms
for everyday behavior that
people follow for the sake of
tradition or
convenience.
FOLKWAYS
EXAMPLE:

- Shaking hands when greeting

someone, taking off one's hat indoors,
not putting one's elbows on the table,
and opening a door for someone.
FORMS
B. MORES
- are strict norms that
control moral and ethical
behavior.
FORMS
B. MORES
- they are based on
definitions of right and
wrong.
MORES
EXAMPLE:

- For example, since our

country Philippines is a Christian
nation, we are expected to practice
monogamous marriage.
FORMS
C. LAWS
- are controlled ethics and
they are morally agreed, written
down and enforced by an
official law enforcement agency.
COMPONENTS OF
CULTURE
1. MATERIAL CULTURE
-consists of tangible
things.
MATERIAL CULTURE
EXAMPLE:
-These include homes,
neighborhoods, cities, schools,
churches, synagogues, temples,
mosques, offices, factories and
plants, tools and others.
COMPONENTS OF
CULTURE
1. MATERIAL CULTURE
-These physical aspects
of a culture help to define
its members' behaviors and
perceptions.
COMPONENTS OF
CULTURE
2. NON-MATERIAL CULTURE
-consists of intangible
things.
COMPONENTS OF
CULTURE
2. NON-MATERIAL CULTURE
-nonphysical ideas that people
have about their culture,
including beliefs, values, rules,
norms, morals, language,
organizations, and institutions.
COMPONENTS OF
CULTURE
2. NON-MATERIAL CULTURE
-nonphysical ideas that people
have about their culture,
including beliefs, values, rules,
norms, morals, language,
organizations, and institutions.
NON-MATERIAL CULTURE
EXAMPLE:
-the non‐material cultural
concept of religion consists of a
set of ideas and beliefs about God,
worship,
morals, and ethics.
MODES OF ACQUIRING
CULTURE
1. IMITATION
-Children and adults alike
have the tendency to imitate the
values, attitudes, language and all
other things in their social
environment.
MODES OF ACQUIRING
CULTURE
2. INDOCTRINATION/SUGGESTION

-This may take the

form of formal training
or informal teaching.
MODES OF ACQUIRING
CULTURE
2. INDOCTRINATION/SUGGESTION

-Formally, the
person learns from
school.
MODES OF ACQUIRING
CULTURE
2. INDOCTRINATION/SUGGESTION

-Informally, he may acquire

those behaviors from listening or
watching, reading, attending training
activities or through interaction.
MODES OF ACQUIRING
CULTURE
3. CONDITIONING
-The values, beliefs, and attitudes
of other people are acquired through
conditioning. This conditioning can
be reinforced through reward and
punishment.
ADAPTATION OF CULTURE
1. PARALELLISM
-means that the same
culture may take place in two
or more different places.
ADAPTATION OF CULTURE
EXAMPLE
-The domestication of dogs,
cats, pigs and other animals
may have semblance in other
places
ADAPTATION OF CULTURE
2. DIFFUSION
-refers to those
behavioral patterns that
pass back and forth from
one culture to another.
ADAPTATION OF CULTURE
2. DIFFUSION
- This is the transfer or
spread of culture traits
from one another brought
about by change agents
such as people or media.
ADAPTATION OF CULTURE
EXAMPLE
-food and eating practices,
marriage and wedding
ceremonies, burial rituals, feast
celebrations
ADAPTATION OF CULTURE
3. CONVERGENCE
-takes place when two or
more cultures are fused or
merged into one culture
making it different from the
original culture.
ADAPTATION OF CULTURE
EXAMPLE
-The spread of English
Language
ADAPTATION OF CULTURE
4. FISSION
-takes place when people
break away from their original
culture and
start developing a different
culture of their own.
ADAPTATION OF CULTURE
5. ACCULTURATION
-refers to the process
wherein individuals incorporate
the behavioral patterns of other
cultures into their own either
voluntarily or by force.
ADAPTATION OF CULTURE
5. ACCULTURATION
-Voluntary acculturation
occurs through imitation,
borrowing, or personal
contact with other people.
ADAPTATION OF CULTURE
6. ASSIMILATION
-occurs when the culture of a
larger society is adopted by a
smaller society, that smaller society
assumes some of the culture of the
larger society or cost society.
ADAPTATION OF CULTURE
7. ACCOMMODATION
-occurs when the larger society
and smaller society are able to
respect and tolerate each other’s
culture even if there is already a
prolonged contact of each other’s
culture.
CAUSES OF CULTURAL
CHANGE
1. Discovery
-is the process of finding a
new place or an object,
artefact or anything that
previously existed.
CAUSES OF CULTURAL
CHANGE
EXAMPLE
-the discovery of fire led
to the art of cooking.
CAUSES OF CULTURAL
CHANGE
2. INVENTION
-implies a creative mental
process of devising, creating
and
producing something new or
original.
CAUSES OF CULTURAL
CHANGE
EXAMPLE
-Social Invention:
number system, government,
language, democracy,
religion, and alphabet.
CAUSES OF CULTURAL
CHANGE
EXAMPLE
-Material Invention:
invention of the wheel and
machines.
CAUSES OF CULTURAL
CHANGE
3. DIFFUSION

-is the spread of cultural traits or social

practices from a society or group to
another belonging to the same society
or to another through direct contact with
each other and exposure to new forms.
SOCIAL PROCESS
(DIFFUSION)
A. Acculturation
-cultural borrowing and
cultural imitation.
EXAMPLE:
Filipinos speaking English
Language
SOCIAL PROCESS
(DIFFUSION)
B. ASSIMILATION
-fusion of two distinct
cultures through long periods of
interaction.
EXAMPLE:
Immigrants like Filipinos to US.
SOCIAL PROCESS
(DIFFUSION)
C. AMALGAMATION
-hereditary fusion of
members of different societies.
EXAMPLE:
Marriage between a Filipino to
an American.
SOCIAL PROCESS
(DIFFUSION)
D. ENCULTURATION
-deliberate infusion of a new culture
to another
EXAMPLE:
The teaching of American history and
culture to the
Filipinos during the early American
Regime
CAUSES OF CULTURAL
CHANGE
4. COLONIZATION

-refers to the political, social, and

political policy of establishing
a colony which would be subject to the
rule or governance of the colonizing
state.
CAUSES OF CULTURAL
CHANGE
EXAMPLE:
Hispanization of Filipino
culture when the Spaniards
came and conquered the
Philippines.
CAUSES OF CULTURAL
CHANGE
4. Rebellion and revolutionary

-movements aim to change the

whole social
order and replace the
leadership.
CULTURAL VARIATION
Cultural variation is the
differences in social behaviors
that different
cultures exhibit around the
world.
ETHNOCENTRISM
-evaluation of other cultures
according to preconceptions
originating in the standards
and customs of one's own
culture.
ETHNOCENTRISM
EXAMPLE:
1. Judge others based on
their food preferences.
2. Judge others based on
their clothing styles.
XENOCENTRISM
-evaluation of other cultures
according to preconceptions
originating in the standards
and customs of one's own
culture.