Anatomy &

Physiology
for Health Professions:
An Interactive Journey

Bruce J. Colbert
Jeff Ankney
Karen Lee

Chapter 2
The Human Body:
Reading the Map

Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
An Interactive Journey, 1e Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff Ankney, and Karen Lee All rights reserved.
 Chapter 2
The Human Body: Reading the Map
Multimedia Asset Directory

Slide 14Fowlers Positioning Video

Slide 15Lateral Positioning Video
Slide 16Prone Positioning Video
Slide 17Lithotomy Video
Slide 18Sims Video
Slide 19Supine Positioning Video
Slide 29Magnetic Resonance Imaging Video
Slide 30Ultrasound Video
Slide 31Radiologic Technology
Slide 60 Surgical Team

Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
An Interactive Journey, 1e Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff Ankney, and Karen Lee All rights reserved.
 Introduction
• This chapter will provide you with the major
external map of the human body.
• Future chapters will get into more depth for each
particular area and begin to provide a detailed
map of the interior regions.
• The medical directional terms and body
locations will serve as a foundation upon which
to build.
• By the time you finish your journey through this
book you will know your own body like “the back
of your hand.”
Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
An Interactive Journey, 1e Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff Ankney, and Karen Lee All rights reserved.
 Learning Objectives
• List and describe the various body positions
• Define the body planes and associated
directional terms
• Locate and describe the body cavities and their
respective organs
• List and describe the anatomical divisions of the
abdominal region
• Identify and locate the various body regions

Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
An Interactive Journey, 1e Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff Ankney, and Karen Lee All rights reserved.
 Pronunciation Guide
Click on the megaphone icon before each item to hear the pronunciation.

Abdominopelvic (ab dom ih noh PELL vik KAV

cavity ih tee)
Antecubital (an tee CUE bi tal)
Buccal (BUCK al)
Caudal (KAWD al)
Cephalic (seh FAL ik)
Coronal Plane (kor ROHN al)
Cranial (KRAY nee al)
Crural (CRUR al)
Distal (DISS tal)
Dorsal (DOR sal)
Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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 Pronunciation Guide (cont’d)
Click on the megaphone icon before each item to hear the pronunciation.

Gluteal (GLOO tee al)

Mediastinum (me dee ah STY num)
Midsagittal Plane (mid SAJ ih tal)
Pleural Cavities (PLOO ral)
Superficial (super FISH al)
Thoracic Cavity (tho RASS ik KAV ih tee)
Tranverse (trans VERS)

Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
An Interactive Journey, 1e Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff Ankney, and Karen Lee All rights reserved.
 Map of the Human Body
• Directional terms, like north, south, east, or west,
are needed for reading a map.
• Maps representing a specific region have more
detail, making it easier to explore.
• Likewise, scientists have created standardized
body directional terms, splitting the body into
distinct regions, sections, and cavities to more
clearly and rapidly locate and discuss
anatomical features.
• Anatomical landmarks serve as the needed
points of reference.

Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
An Interactive Journey, 1e Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff Ankney, and Karen Lee All rights reserved.
 Importance of Mapping
• Does a statement “I have pain in my stomach”
tell you a lot about exact location?
• Location of pain can be a determining factor in
diagnosis.
• Questions about type of pain, exact location,
and intensity of pain can help determine
etiology.

Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
An Interactive Journey, 1e Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff Ankney, and Karen Lee All rights reserved.
“Make a lateral incision in the medial aspect of the RUQ of the abdomen… boy, I wish I had
paid attention to directional terms in medical school!”
“Here, let me show you. I learned directional terms and medical terminology from Anatomy
and Physiology for Health Professionals: An Interactive Journey.”
Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
An Interactive Journey, 1e Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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 Body Positions
• The body can assume many position and
therefore have different orientations.
• To standardize the orientation for the study of
anatomy, scientists have developed the
anatomical position.
• The anatomical position is that in which the
human being is standing erect, face forward,
with feet parallel, arms hanging at the sides, and
palms facing forward.

Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
An Interactive Journey, 1e Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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 Figure 2-1 The anatomical position.

Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
An Interactive Journey, 1e Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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Other Important Body Positions
• Supine position – laying face upward, on your
back
• Prone position – laying face downward, on your
stomach
• Fowler’s position – sitting in bed with the head of
the bed elevated 45–60 degrees
 This position is often used in the hospital
 Facilitates breathing and comfort of the bedridden
patient

Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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 Figure 2-2 Common patient positions.

Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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 Click here to view a video on the topic of Fowlers Positioning.
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 Click here to view a video on the topic of Lateral Positioning.
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 Click here to view a video on the topic of Prone Positioning
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 Click here to view a video on the topic of Lithotomy Positioning.
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 Click here to view a video on the topic of Sims Positioning.
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 Click here to view a video on the topic of Supine Positioning.
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An Interactive Journey, 1e Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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 Body Planes and Directional
Terms
• Sometimes it is necessary to divide the body, or
even an organ or tissue sample, into specific
sections to further examine it.
• A plane is an imaginary line drawn through the
body or organ to separate it into specific
sections.
• Transverse or horizontal plane – divides the
body into superior (top) and inferior (bottom)
sections, also referred to as cross-sectioning the
body

Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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 Directional Terms
• Directional terms can be used to describe areas
divided by the transverse plane.
• Superior (cranial or cephalic) means toward the
head or upper body.
• Inferior (caudal) means away from the head or
toward the lower part of the body.
 Any body part can be either superior or inferior,
depending upon your reference point.
 The knee is superior to the ankle and inferior to the
pelvis.
Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 2-3 Transverse plane and a cross-sectional view of the upper abdominal region.

Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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 Median or Midsagittal Plane
• The median or midsagittal plane divides the
body into right and left halves.
 Medial refers to body parts located near the middle or
midline of the body.
 Lateral refers to body parts located away from
midline.

Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 2-4 Midsagittal or median plane along with a sagittal view of the head.

Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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 Frontal or Coronal Plane
• The frontal plane or coronal plane divides the
body into front and back sections.
• Anterior or ventral refers to body parts towards
or on the front of the body.
• Posterior or dorsal refers to body parts towards
or on the back of the body.

Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 2-5 Frontal or coronal plane along with a coronal view of the chest and stomach.

Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Clinical Application: Do you know
your left from your right?
• Precise standardized language with directional
terms is needed to study A&P.
• Left and right can be critical. If you’re to
amputate the right leg of a patient, does it matter
where you’re standing when determining which
is the right leg? If you approach from the bottom
of the bed, the leg on your right is the patient’s
left leg!
• Left and right always refer to the patient’s left
and right, not YOURS!

Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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 Applied Science: X-rays,
CT scans, and MRI’s
• X-rays are beams of high energy radiation that
penetrate the body and give a 2 dimensional
view of bones, air, and tissues.
• Enhancing an X-ray with computers gives much
better detail, contrast, and a 3D view – often
called a CT (computerized tomography) scan or
CAT scan
• An MRI (magnetic resonance imager) gives
even greater detail of tissue structures, even
down to individual nerve bundles, with a
decrease in radiation exposure.
Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
An Interactive Journey, 1e Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff Ankney, and Karen Lee All rights reserved.
 Click here to view a video on the topic of Magnetic Resonance Imaging.
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An Interactive Journey, 1e Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff Ankney, and Karen Lee All rights reserved.
 Click here to view a video on the topic of Ultrasound.
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 Click here to view a video on the topic of Radiologic Technology.
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 Proximal and Distal
• Proximal refers to body parts close to a point of
reference of the body.
• Distal refers to body parts away from a point of
reference.
 Using your fingers as a reference point, your wrist
would be proximal and your shoulder would be distal.

Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
An Interactive Journey, 1e Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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 External and Internal
• External means on the outside
 The skin is located externally and is the body’s largest
organs
• Internal means on the inside
 Most organs are located internally.

Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
An Interactive Journey, 1e Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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 Additional Directional Terms
• Superficial means toward or at the body surface.
• Deep means away from the body surface.
• Central refers to locations around the center of
the body.
• Peripheral refers to the extremities or outer
region.

Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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 Table 2-1 Directional Terms

Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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 Clinical Application:
Central vs Peripheral Cyanosis
• Cyanosis is a condition with bluish colored skin
that is usually the result of low levels of oxygen
in the blood.
 Peripheral cyanosis would present as blueish fingers
& toes – possibly indicative of a need for oxygen
therapy.
 Central cyanosis is more serious and presents as
bluish torso, head, and inside of the mouth.

Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
An Interactive Journey, 1e Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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 Figure 2-6 Contrast of central versus peripheral cyanosis.

Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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 Body Cavities
• The body has two large open spaces called
cavities that house and protect organs.
• The dorsal (posterior) cavity is located on the
back of the body.

Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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 Body Cavities (cont’d)
• The larger ventral (anterior) cavity is located on
the front of the body and is divided into two
smaller cavities called the thoracic and
abdominopelvic cavities. These two smaller
cavities are divided by the diaphragm that is
used for breathing.
• The abdominopelvic cavity can be further
divided into the abdominal and pelvic cavities.

Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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 Thoracic Cavity
• The thoracic cavity contains:
 The heart
 The lungs
 Large blood vessels

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 Abdominal Cavity
• The abdominal cavity contains the digestive
organs such as the:
 Stomach
 Intestines
 Liver
 Gallbladder
 Pancreas
 Spleen

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 Pelvic Cavity
• The lower portion of the abdominopelvic cavity
contains the:
 Urinary organs
 Reproductive organs
 Large part of the large intestine

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 Dorsal Cavity
• The dorsal cavity is located in the back of the
body and consists of two cavities.
• The cranial cavity houses the brain.
• The spinal cavity contains the spinal column.

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 Figure 2-7 Main body cavities.

Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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 Clinical Application: The Central
Landmark – The Spinal Column
• The spinal or vertebral column is a major
centrally located anatomical landmark.
• There are five sets of vertebrae labeled for the
region of body location.
 7 Cervical (or C) vertebrae in the neck
 12 Thoracic (or T) vertebrae in the chest
 5 Lumbar (or L) vertebrae in the lower back
 5 fused Sacral vertebrae
 1 Coccyx or tailbone

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 Figure 2-8 The spinal column.

Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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 Smaller Cavities
• There are many smaller cavities that designate
specific areas.
 The nasal cavity is the space behind the nose
 The buccal cavity is the space within the mouth.
 The orbital cavity houses the eyes.

Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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 Abdominal Regions
• The abdominal region houses a number of
organs and is divided into nine quadrants.
• The epigastric region (epi = above, gastric =
stomach) is located superior to the umbilical
region with the right and left hypochondriac
regions located on either side.

Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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 Abdominal Regions
• The umbilical region is located in the center, with
the right and left lumbar regions located laterally.
• The hypogastric region lies inferior to the
umbilical area, with the right and left iliac or
inguinal area flanking it.

Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
An Interactive Journey, 1e Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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 Figure 2-9 The nine divisions of the abdominal region.

Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
An Interactive Journey, 1e Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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 Clinical Application: Hernias
• You may have heard of umbilical or inguinal
hernias and now you know where these would
be located.
• A hernia is a tear in the muscle wall that allows a
structure to protrude through.
• Hernias can be a minor nuisance or they can
become very dangerous if blood flow is
restricted to the portion of the organ that is
protruding. This can lead to death of the tissue,
called necrosis, and serious consequences.

Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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 Figure 2-10 Illustrations of the inguinal and umbilical hernias.

Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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 Abdominal Quadrants
• A simpler way to compartmentalize the
abdominal region is to separate it into
anatomical quadrants.
• This is very helpful in describing the location of
abdominal pain.
• Knowing the organs located in the quadrant
where the pain is arising can give you a clue as
to what type of problem the patient has.
 RLQ (right lower quadrant) pain – appendicitis
 RUQ (right upper quadrant) pain – liver or gallbladder
problems
Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 2-11 The clinical division of the abdominal region into quadrants with related organs
and structures.

Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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 Amazing Fact: Psoas Test
• This test with the strange name is one way to
determine if a patient has appendicitis. With the
patient supine, he or she raises the right leg
while the practitioner places counterpressure on
the thigh. If it is appendicitis, the patient will
experience pain in the right lower quadrant.

Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
An Interactive Journey, 1e Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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 Additional Body Regions
• There are additional body regions that help to
further aid in locating areas or structures.
Examples include the:
 Axillary region
 Brachial region
 Femoral region
 Pubic region
 Patellar region

Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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 Figure 2-12 Anterior and posterior body regions.

Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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 Table 2-2 Examples of Body Regions and Their Location

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 Table 2-2 (continued) Examples of Body Regions and Their Location

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 Click here to view a video on the topic of the Surgical Team.
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 Snapshots from the Journey
• The body can assume many different positions.
To standardize it, we use the anatomical position
facing forward with arms at the side and palms
facing forward.
• Other positions include the prone, supine, and
Fowler’s position.
• The body can be divided into planes, including
the transverse and median plane.
• Directional terms help navigate around the body.

Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
An Interactive Journey, 1e Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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 Snapshots from the Journey
• Directions like right and left are referenced from
the patient’s perspective.
• The body has several cavities that house
anatomical structures, mainly organs.
• There are many different regions of the body.
• Directional terms, anatomical landmarks, body
regions, and body cavities are all important to
know so everyone is talking the same language
and knows where structures are located.

Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
An Interactive Journey, 1e Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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 Case Study
A 50-year-old female patient presents with sternal
pain radiating to the left brachial area. Peripheral
cyanosis is noted in the digital areas, and she
exhibits pedal edema. No epigastric pain is noted.
She report that she became dizzy and had fallen,
bruising the right orbital region, and she received
superficial cuts to the right patellar region. The
physician ordered an IV to be started in the left
antecubital space. Please answer the following
questions in common lay terms.
Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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 Case Study Questions
• Where would you suggest placing a bandage?
• Where did her pain begin?
• Where does the pain move to?
• Does she have stomach pain?
• Where will the IV be started?
• What part of her body is swollen?

Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
An Interactive Journey, 1e Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff Ankney, and Karen Lee All rights reserved.
Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
An Interactive Journey, 1e Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff Ankney, and Karen Lee All rights reserved.
Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions: Copyright ©2007 by Pearson Education, Inc.
An Interactive Journey, 1e Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Bruce J. Colbert, Jeff Ankney, and Karen Lee All rights reserved.