1.
9 The Matrix of a Linear Transformation
Math 2331 – Linear Algebra
1.9 The Matrix of a Linear Transformation
Jiwen He
Department of Mathematics, University of Houston
jiwenhe@[Link]
[Link]/∼jiwenhe/math2331
Jiwen He, University of Houston Math 2331, Linear Algebra 1/9
1.9 The Matrix of a Linear Transformation Definition Theorem
1.9 The Matrix of a Linear
Transformation
Matrix Transformation: Identity Matrix
Linear Transformation: Generalized
Result Matrix of a Linear
Transformation
Theorem
Examples
Geo
metr
ic
Line
Jiwen He, University of Houston Math 2331, Linear Algebra 2/9
1.9 The Matrix of a Linear Transformation Definition Theorem
Identity Matrix
Identity Matrix
In is an n × n matrix with 1’s on the main left to right
diagonal and 0’s elsewhere. The ith column of In is labeled
ei .
Example 1 0
0
I3 = e1 e2 e3 =0 1
0 0 0 1
Note
that 1 0 0 x1
I3 x = 0 x2
1
0 0 0 1 x3
= + + =
.
Jiwen He, University of Houston Math 2331, Linear Algebra 3/9
1.9 The Matrix of a Linear Transformation Definition Theorem
Linear
Transformation
Identity
Matrix
In general, for x in Rn, Inx =
Linear Transformation
From Section 1.8, if T : Rn → Rm is a linear transformation,
then
T (cu + d v) =cT (u) +d T (v).
Generalized Result
T (c1v1 + · · · + cp vp ) =c1T (v1) + · · · + cp T
(vp ).
Jiwen He, University of Houston Math 2331, Linear Algebra 4/9
1.9 The Matrix of a Linear Transformation Definition Theorem
Linear Transformation:
Example
Example
1 0 1 0
The columns of 2I are e1 = and e2 .
0 1 0 1
= =
Suppose T is a linear transformation from R2 to R3
where
2
5
−3 and T (e2 ) = 0
T (e1 ) =
. 4 1
x1
Compute T (x) for any x .
= x2
Solution: A vector x in R2 can be written
as x1 0
= + = e1 + e2
1
x2 0 1
Jiwen He, University of Houston Math 2331, Linear Algebra 5/9
1.9 The Matrix of a Linear Transformation Definition Theorem
Linear Transformation: Example
(cont.)
Then
T (x) = T (x1e1 + x2e2) = T (e1) +
T (e2)
2
5
−3
= 0
.
+4 =
1
Note
that
x1
T (x) .
= x2
So
T (x) = T (e1) T (e2) x = Ax
To get A, replace the identity matrix [e1 e2] with [T (e2) T
(e2)].
Jiwen He, University of Houston Math 2331, Linear Algebra 6/9
1.9 The Matrix of a Linear Transformation Definition Theorem
Matrix of Linear Transformation:
Theorem
Theorem
Let T : Rn → Rm be a linear transformation. Then there
exists a unique matrix A such that
T (x) = Ax for all x in Rn.
In fact, A is the m × n matrix whose jth column is the
vector T (ej ), where ej is the jth column of the identity
matrix in Rn.
A = [T (e1) T (e2) ··· T
(en)]
↑ linear
(standard matrix for the
transformation)T
Jiwen He, University of Houston Math 2331, Linear Algebra 7/9
1.9 The Matrix of a Linear Transformation Definition Theorem
Matrix of Linear Transformation:
Example
Example
? ? x − 2x
? ? x1
1 2
4x1
x2 =
? ? 3x1 + 2x2
Solution:
? ?
? ? = standard matrix of the linear transformation
T
? ?
? ?
? ? = T (e1) T (e2) (fill-in)
? ? =
Jiwen He, University of Houston Math 2331, Linear Algebra 8/9
1.9 The Matrix of a Linear Transformation Definition Theorem
Matrix of Linear Transformation:
Example
Example
Find the standard matrix of the linear transformation T : R2 →
which
R2 rotates a point about the origin through an angle of
4
πradians
(counterclockwise).
↓
A
=
T (e1) = T (e2) =
Jiwen He, University of Houston Math 2331, Linear Algebra 9/9
