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LRTI

Bronchitis and bronchiolitis are common lower respiratory infections. Bronchitis is an inflammation of the large airways that is often preceded by symptoms of an upper respiratory infection. It is generally mild and self-limiting, resolving within 5-10 days with symptomatic treatment like cough suppressants. Bronchiolitis is characterized by inflammation and swelling of the small airways called bronchioles, typically caused by viruses like RSV. Symptoms include rapid, shallow breathing, wheezing, cough, and fever. While most cases are mild, hospitalization may be required for underlying conditions or signs of dehydration, and supportive care involves monitoring, fluids, oxygen, and potentially nebulized epinephrine or

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Getaneh Liknaw
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82 views11 pages

LRTI

Bronchitis and bronchiolitis are common lower respiratory infections. Bronchitis is an inflammation of the large airways that is often preceded by symptoms of an upper respiratory infection. It is generally mild and self-limiting, resolving within 5-10 days with symptomatic treatment like cough suppressants. Bronchiolitis is characterized by inflammation and swelling of the small airways called bronchioles, typically caused by viruses like RSV. Symptoms include rapid, shallow breathing, wheezing, cough, and fever. While most cases are mild, hospitalization may be required for underlying conditions or signs of dehydration, and supportive care involves monitoring, fluids, oxygen, and potentially nebulized epinephrine or

Uploaded by

Getaneh Liknaw
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Lower respiratory infections

1. Bronchitis
Is an inflammation of the large airways (trachea and
bronchi) which is frequently associated with a URI.
Common in children under the age of 2 – 3 years.
Mycplasma pneumoniae is a common cause in children
older than 6 years of age.

ETIOLOGY:
• Respiratory viruses – parainfluenza, adenoviruses,
Rarely pneumococci, H.influenzae, staphylococi
and streptococi may be isolated from the sputum
Bronchitis…
Sign & Symptoms

• Acute bronchitis is often preceded by symptoms of a URI:


Coryza
Malaise
Chilliness
Slight fever
Back and muscle pain
Sore throat
Dyspnea
Nonproductive cough that worsens at night and become
productive in 2 to 3 days .
Bronchitis…
Bronchitis is a mild self limited disease that required
only symptomatic treatment including :
Analgesics
Antipyretics
Humidity
Cough suppressants/Expectorants in irritating and
paroxysmal coughing to allow rest : Bromhexin
(suspension, tabl.) , Ambroxol, Stoptussin (drops)
Temperature of the home must be moderate (inhale
steam).
Recover 5 to 10 days
2.Bronchiolitis

• Acute viral infection, characterized by inflammation of


bronchioles, causing severe dyspnea and wheezing.
• A common resp. illness characterized by inflammation
of bronchioles.
• Consists:
– acute inflammation
– edema and necrosis of epithelial cells lining small
airways
– increased mucus production
– bronchospasm
Etiology
• Typically caused by viruses:
– RSV-most common(80-90%)
– Parainfluenza
– Human Metapneumovirus
– Influenza
– Rhinovirus
– Coronavirus
– Human bocavirus
• Occasionally associated with Mycoplasma
pneumonia infection
SIGN & SYMPTOMS:
• Symptoms of common • Rapid heart beat
cold • Drawing in of chest &
• Stuffiness neck
• Runny nose • flaring of the nostrils
• Mild cough • Irratibility, difficult
• After 1 day or two; sleep & fatigue
worsening of the cough • Fever
& appearance of • poor appetite
wheezes • May vomit after cough
• Rapid shallow breathing • In severe cases
cyanosis & signs of
dehydration
Therapeutic Management
Bronchiolitis is treated symptomatically
HOME TREATENT:
• A adequate fluid intake /Plenty of fluids: in small amount,
frequently and rest
• Tilt the child mattress up
• Keep baby nose clear using bulb syringe and saline
• Acetaminophen for fever.
Bronchodilators, corticosteroids, cough suppressants and
antibiotics are not effective alone.
Hospitalization is recommended for children with underlying
lung or heart disease.
Therapeutic Management
HOSPITAL TREATMENT:
SUPPORTIVE:
• Most cases are mild and require no specific
treatment
• Monitor heart & resp. rate & O2 saturation
• Look for apnea & bradycardia
• Give O2 if tachypaenic, or O2 sat: < 90%
• N.G or I.V fluids are preferred if the child cannot
take enough by mouth.
Therapeutic Management
• DRUGS:
• Nebulized & inhaled Epinephrine has been
shown to decrease hospitalization rates.
• Inhaled hypertonic saline:
Inhaled hypertonic saline (3%) appears to be
effective in improving clinical outcomes and
shortening the duration of hospital stay.
• Steroids are ineffective.
• Antibiotics; are not indicated unless evidence
of bacterial pneumonia
• Ventilation therapy; on clinical grounds .
Bronchiolitis

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