1st half of 20th century -Silicates
Release fluoride
Get severely eroded
Late 1940s an early 50s- Acrylic resins replaced
silicates
Tooth like appearance
Insoluble in oral fluid
Ease of manipulation
Low cost
Poor wear resistance
Excessive thermal expansion and contraction
Severe shrinkage
• Inertfiller particle reducing curing and thermal
contraction.
• Early composites –filler particle were not bonded
• Dr Ray L Bowen- Bowens resin(1962)
Bisphenol A glycidyl methacrylate
Di methacrylate resin
Organic silane coupling agent.
Matrix
Filler
Coupling agent
Activator initiator system
Pigments
Uv absorbers
Polymerization inhibitors
Dental composites are highly crosslinked
polymeric materials reinforced by a
dispersion of glass,crystalline or resin filler
and/or short fibres bound to the matrix by
silane coupling agents.
CRAIG proposes the material science
terminology for composites as ‘particulate
reinforced polymer matrix composite’.
Aromatic dimethacrylate monomer
Aliphatic dimethacrylate monomer
oligomers
Bis GMA,TEGDMA,UDMA
Van der waal’s forces to covalent bond
Potential energy spacing
They have reduced polymerization shrinkage.
Bis GMA an UDMA have 5 times molwt of
methylmethacrylate. So density of methacrylate double
bond groups is approx 1/5th as high as these monomers;
thus reducing polymerization shrinkage.
High molwt monomer has high viscosity. To lower
viscosity low molwt high fluid monomer are
added(TEGDMA).
They also produces extensive cross linking---resistance to
softening and degradation by solvents like water and
alcohol
Improves material properties, reinforcement of matrix
resin; resulting in increased hardness & decreased wear
Reduction in polymerization shrinkage.
Reduction in thermal expansion and contraction
Improved workability by increasing viscosity
Reduction in water sorption, softening and staining
Increased r/o and diagnostic sensitivity through Sr and Ba
glass and other heavy metal compounds that absorbs X-
rays
Usually fillers are produced by grinding or milling
quartz(0.1µ to 100µ).
Microfillers sub micron particles of colloidal silica
H2+O2
Pyrolytic or Precipitation process
SiCl4 SiO2(Chains)
Inorganic filler particles
Size
Volume
Filler distribution
Refractive index
R/O
Hardness
Amount of filler α Total filler surface area
α-1 Particle size
Continuous distribution of particles Max. Filler
loading.
Silica surface can form polar bonds with monomer
molecule and can increase viscosity.
Marzouk
Filler – interrupted phase
Macro ceramics – silica based eg:quartz,fused
silica,silicate glasses,AlSiO4 etc
Micro ceramics – colloidal silica in the form of
silicic acid
Fabricated macro reinforcing phases with
colloidal micro ceramic component bases
Index of refraction
Should closely match with that of Resin
Bis GMA 1.55
TEGDMA
Mixture 1.5
1.46
Radio Opacity(R/O)
International standards r/o = 2mm Al
Ba, Sr, Zr(Glasses and ceramics)
Are slowly leached and weakened in oral fluids
Bonding between filler and resin
Allows more flexible polymer matrix to transfer stresses to a higher modulus filler particle
examples: titanates and zirconates
organosilanes(gamma methacryloxypropyl trimethoxy
silane)
Methoxy silanol
Silanol forms bonds with the silanols on filler surfaces
Organosilane methacrylate groups form covalent bonds with the resin.
hydrolysis
Chemically activated
Initiator - benzoyl peroxide
Activator -aromatic tertiary amine
Light activated
Photo sensitizer - camphoroquinone free radical
468nm blue light
Amine initiator – dimethyl amino ethylmethacrylate
ADDITION
INDUCTION
PROPOGATION
CHAIN TRANSFER
TERMINATION
CONDENSATION/STEP GROWTH
COPOLYMERISATION
EXOTHERMIC
To minimize or prevent spontaneous or accidental
polymerization
Have a strong reactivity potential with free radicals
They react with free radicals faster than monomers
Chain propagation begins once the inhibitor is consumed
Eg. Butylated-hydroxy toluene (0.01 wt percentage)
Hydroquinone compounds
Extent shelf life
Ensure sufficient working time
Shading is achieved with the help of various pigments
Less opacifier → More light will be transmitted and less
light will be reflected; perceived as dark
More opacifier →Less light will be transmitted and more
light will be reflected; perceived as
white
Darker shade or greater opacity require increased
exposure time or application of thinner layer when cured.
Chemical activation/Cold curing or self curing
During mixing of two pastes, air incorporation will occurs
and so pores formed will weaken the structure
Oxygen incorporated inhibits polymerization
Large build ups which are not readily light cured
Once two components are mixed there is no control on
working time
Avoiding porosity
Not sensitive to oxygen inhibition
Command polymerization is possible
Exposure time 40 sec or less for 2mm thickness
Disadvantages
Limited depth of penetration
More time for large restoration
Cost
Poor accessibility in posterior and inter proximal location
Variable exposure time for varying shades
Sensitivity to room illumination
Mixing is not required.
Less porosity
Less staining
Increased strength
Enhanced color stability (aromatic amine)
Command polymerization
Hand held devices
Contain a light source
Equipped with a relatively short rigid light guide made up
of fused optical fiber
Types of lamps
1. LED lamps
Emit light only in the part of visible spectrum (b/w 440 to
480nm)
Do not requires filter
Required low voltage
Can be battery powered
Generate no heat and quite
Produce only low intensity radiation(D/A)
2. QTH lamps
Quartz bulb with tungsten filament
Radiate UV and White light
Must be filtered to remove heat and other wavelength than
violet-blue range
Intensity diminishes with use-calibration meter required
[Link] lamps
Plasma arc curing lamps use xenon gas that is ionized to
produce plasma
High intensity white light is filtered to allow blue light to
be emitted
[Link] laser lamps
Highest intensity
Emit light at single wavelength (~ 490nm)
QTH is cheaper,
LED and laser do not require filters
Polymerization is initiated when a critical
concentration of free radical is formed.
A particular no of photons should be absorbed by the
initiator system( α wavelength ,intensity and time of
exposure)
Maximum curing = 50-60% monomer conversion
QTH—300-1200 mW/cm2
Energy influx = 16000mJ/cm2
= 40 Sec X 400mW/cm2
= 20 Sec X 800mW/cm2
= 13 sec X 1200mw/cm2
To reduce exposure time and increase dc → Increased
intensities
Light absorption and scattering in resin composites reduce
power density and dc exponentially with depth of
penetrations
Intensity reduced by a factor of 10-100 in a 2mm thick
layer of composites
At depths greater than 2mm monomer conversion is
reduced to unacceptable levels
So short curing time for a given DC or increased dc for a
given et
Light attenuation vary considerably from one composite to
another depending on opacity, filler size, filler
concentration and pigment shade
Light is also absorbed and scattered as it passes through
tooth structure especially dentine
So ET should be increased by a factor of 2 to 3 to
compensate for reduction in light intensity.
When using QTH ,light should be placed as closed to the
restoration as possible
It can not be used for curing luting agent under metallic
restoration
Combining chemical curing and visible light curing
components in the same resin
Can be used under bulky ceramic inlays.
air inhibition and porosity
e/o light or heat can be used to promote a higher level of
cure
Chemical or light cure can be used to produce an inlay on a
tooth or a die
It can be cured directly within tooth or on a die and then
transferred to an oven for extra curing
On completion it is cemented with a resin based composite
Is a measure of the % C=C converted to C-C
Conversion depends on several factors
[Link] composition
[Link] transmission through the material
[Link] of sensitizer, initiator & inhibiter
Degree of conversion 50-70% are achieved at room
temperature for both types of curing system
In light cured, curing shrinkage leads to substantially greater
stress buildup and leakage at the margin
Shrinkage create stresses as high as 13MPa –can exceed tensile
strength of enamel and result in cracking and enamel fracture
along interface
Leakage staining, sensitivity, 20 caries
Due to polymerization shrinkage
Internal pores in chemically cured resin act to release
residual stresses that buildup during curing
Pores enlarge during hardening and decrease
concentration of stress at margins
Slower curing rate in chemical activation allows larger
portion of shrinkage to be compensated by internal flow
among developing polymer chains before formation of
cross linking(Gelation)
After gel point Stresses increase and concentrate
within the resin and tooth structure adjacent to bonded
interface
To overcome problem of stress concentration
and marginal failure with light activated
resins
in volume contraction by
altering chemistry of resin system
clinical techniques to offset
effects of polymerization shrinkage
Cavity preparation geometry represented by ratio of
bonded to non bonded surface area
During curing, shrinkage leaves the bonded cavity surfaces
in a state of stress and free surfaces relax some of the
stress by contracting inwards towards the bulk to reduce C
factor
Layering technique
◦ Restoration build up in increments
◦ Curing 1 layer at a time will reduce bonded surface and increase
non bonded surface
Adv Over come limited depth of cure
Disadv time and difficulty of placing a restoration
Soft start technique : curing begins with a low
intensity and finishes with a high intensity.
This allows for a slow initial rate of
polymerization & a high initial level of stress
relaxation. so it ends at the max intensity once
the gel point has reached. so conversion
peaks only after stresses has been relieved.
Ramped curing: intensity is gradually
increased or ramped up during the exposure
Delayed curing : restoration is initially
incompletely cured at low intensity. The
restoration is contoured and carved and later a
second exposure is applied for final cure.
Delayed curing and exponential ramp
curing appear to provide greater reduction in
curing stress.
High intensity curing: High intensity ,short
exposure time cause accelerated rates of
curing & there may be substantial stress build
up ‘coz insufficient time is allowed for stress
relaxation.
Retinal damage : direct vision of beam for
extended period or short period for lasers
Protective eye wear
Shields
Traditional composites: conventional or macro filled(1970)
Finely ground amorphous silica and quartz
1-50 µm ( Avg: 8-12µm)
Filler loading 70-80 wt %
60-70 Vol %
Compressive Strength 250-300Mpa(70 for unfilled)
Tensile strength 50-65Mpa( 24 for unfilled)
Elastic modulus 8-15Gpa(2.4 for unfilled )
Thermal expansion 25-35ppm/ 0C(92.8 for unfilled)
coefficient
Water sorption 0.5-0.7mg/cm 2(11.7 for un filled )
Knoop hardness no 55(15 for un filled )
Curing shrinkage - (8-10 for un filled)
Radiopacity 2-3(0.1 for unfilled )
Traditional composites: conventional or macro filled
They suffer from surface roughening as a result of selective abrasion
of the softer resin matrix surrounding the harder filler particle
Finishing, tooth brushing, masticatory wear all produces roughened
surface which tend to get discolored
Small particle filled composites
Inorganic fillers were ground to a size range of 0.5-3µ a broad size
range distribution
Colloidal silica 5 wt %
Size : 0.5-3µm
Filler loading : 80-90 wt %
65-77 Vol %
Compressive Strength 350-400Mpa
Tensile strength 75-90Mpa
Elastic modulus 15-20Gpa
Thermal expansion coefficient 19-26ppm/ 0C
Water sorption 0.5-0.6 mg/cm 2
Knorp hardness no 50-60
Curing shrinkage 2-3 Vol%
Radiopacity 2-3
Higher filler loading ,greater strength & physical properties
Indicated for high stress and abrasion prone applications
(Class IV)
Possible to attain reasonably smooth surfaces
Micro filled composites
Colloidal silica particles are used as inorganic filler
Individual particle sized 40nm
The pyrogenic silica used in micro filled composites has a
very large total surface area because of its extremely
small average particle size 0.04µm.
These particle agglomerate and form long [Link]
chains acts similarly to resin polymer chain and
dramatically increase the viscosity of the monomer
During mixing some of these agglomerates are broken up.
Thus size range 0.04 – 0.4µm
Micro filled composites(cont..)
Produce undue thickening even with very small addition
of micro filler
To increase filler loading several approaches has been
introduced
Sinter colloidal silica of such that several tenths of a micro
meter in size are obtained.
This large agglomerate result in a reduced surface area of
alloy so more filler to be incorporated before
compromising rheology
To make new filler particles by grounding pre polymerized
composite which is highly loaded with colloidal silica
particles. These microfilled materials are then
incorporated in to the resin pastes to produce a filling
material with acceptable handling characteristics
Micro filled composites(cont..)
60-70wt % of silane treated colloidal silica + monomer
( Elevated temp to reduce viscosity )
Composite paste(Heat cured)(80% curing)
Ground
Particles(Size higher than Quartz in traditional)
Called as organic filler
Particles+ Silane treated Colloidal silica + Monomer
Micro filled Composite paste
Micro filled composites(cont…)
Inorganic filler content = 50wt %
If composite particle are also counted as filler 80 wt%
The composite particles do not shrink when composite is
cured
So despite having a lower volume fraction of inorganic
filler than a traditional or SPF composite it will not shrink
as much as expected based on total resin volume.
Major dis ad: bond between composite particle and
clinically cured matrix is relatively weak, facilitating wear
by a chipping mechanism
They have generally properties inferior to traditional
composites; since 40-80vol% is made up of resin
Micro filled composites(cont…)
Size 0.4 to 0.04 µm
Filler loading 20-59 vol%
35-67 wt %
Compressive Strength 250-350Mpa
Tensile strength 30-50Mpa
Elastic modulus 3-6 Gpa
Thermal expansion coefficient 50-60 ppm/ 0C
Water sorption 1.4-1.7mg/cm 2
Knorp hardness no 25-35
Curing shrinkage 2-3 vol %
Radiopacity 0.5 to 2
Micro filled composites(cont…)
In long term if micro filled composites are placed in wear
prone areas they eventually breakdown & wear out at a
rate too fast for acceptable clinical performance.
If in proximal contact areas: anterior tooth drifting may
occur
Near propagation: Fracture propagation around poorly
bonded organic filler particles
Provide smoothest surface finish available
So preferred in class III and V
The inorganic filler particles are smaller than the abrasive
particle used for finishing, so silica filler is removed along
with embedded resin.
Micro filled composites(cont…)
Clinical consideration
Not used in stress bearing areas(II and IV)
Diamond burs are recommended to minimize risk of
chipping
Resin of choice for aesthetic restoration of anterior teeth
in non stress bearing situation and sub gingival areas
Hybrid composites
Contain two kinds of filler particle
Colloidal silica :10-20wt %
Ground particles of glasses with heavy metals (0.4 to
1µm)
Smaller size of particles and increased amount of micro
fillers increase surface area .So over all filler loading is not
high as SPF
Clinical considerations
Surface smoothness and good strength; widely used for the
anterior restration( III and IV)
Also used for stress bearing posterior restorations
Flowable composites
Modification of SPF and hybrid composites
Have a reduced filler level which provides a consistency
that enables the material to flow readily, spread uniformly
and intimately adapt to a cavity form to produce desired
anatomy
Reduced filler : More susceptible to wear
Greater ease of adaptation and greater flexibility
Class I restoration in gingival areas
Prevent caries – similar to fissure sealants(Minimal Class I
restoration)
Poor accessibility, little or no exposure to wear
Packable composites
Compared with amalgam , the technique of composite
placement is for more time consuming and demanding
Because of highly plastic paste like consistency in the pre
cured stage , cannot be packed vertically in to a cavity in such a
way that the material flows laterally as well as vertically to
ensure intimate contact with cavity walls
CURING LAMPS(Cont..)
A solution to this – composite with filler that increases
strength and stiffness of the uncured material and that provide
a consistency similar to lathe cut amalgams.
Packable and condensable are to categories of hybrid
composites introduced in late 1990s
Derived from inclusion of elongated fibrous filler particles of
about 100µ and /or textured surfaces that tend to inter lock
and resist flow .so resin become stiff and resistant to slumping,
yet moldable under force of condensers.
Type 1 : polymer based materials suitable for restorations
involving occlusal surfaces
Type 2 :other polymer based materials
◦ class 1 :self cured materials
◦ class 2 : light cured materials
group 1:energy applied intraorally
group 2:energy applied extraorally
◦ class 3 : dual-cured materials
1ST generation: macro ceramic reinforcing phases in resin
matrix
2nd generation: colloidal and micro ceramic phases in resin
phase.
3rd generation: hybrid composite
4th generation: heat cured irregularly shaped, highly
reinforced composite macro particles with a reinforcing
phase of colloidal ceramics
5th generation : hybrid system in which continuous resin
phase is reinforced with micro ceramics & macro spherical
, highly reinforced heat cured composite particles
6th generation :hybrid types in which continuous phase is
reinforced with a combination of micro ceramics and
agglomerates of sintered micro ceramics
CLASSIFICATION BY STURDEVANT
Conventional
Microfilled
Hybrid
Packable
Nanofilled
In class III and V greatest problem encountered
When gingival margin is located in dentine cementum or
both resin is firmly anchored to the etched enamel at outer
margin, material tend to pull away from gingival margin
during curing, because of polymerization shrinkage.
This leads to the formation of gap at interfaces
Marginal staining and secondary caries enhanced.
Required for vision in radio graphs
To detect leaking margin 20 caries poor proximal
contacts ,wear of proximal surfaces
Imparted by certain glass filler particles
Optimum diagnostic contrast- r/o approximately equal to
that of enamel
Increased r/o – obscure r/l areas caused by gap formation
or secondary caries
Before clinical usage –abrasion and wear resistance can be
measured by lab test
Controlled clinical evaluation is the only reliable means of
evaluating durability and longevity
Posterior composites wear 0.1 to 0.2mm more than
enamel over 10 years
Mechanisms of composite wear
Two body wear
Three body wear
Two body wear > three body wear
Indirect composites reduce wear and leakage associated
with resin restoration they are fabricated and polymerized
out side the oral environment , luted with compatible
cements
Approaches to resin inlay construction
Use of both direct and indirect fabrication methods
Application of light, heat ,pressure or a combination of
curing system
Combined use of hybrid and micro filled composites
Application of separation medium to prepared tooth
Formation of restorative pattern
Light curing
Pattern removed
Exposure to additional light for 4-6 mts/Heat activated at
1000C for 7 minutes
Etching of preparation
Inlay is cemented with a dual cure resin
Polishing
Composites systems are available as indirect products
Impression
Laboratory fabrication of patterns
Light ,heat curing +heat(1400C) & pressure( 0.6Mpa for 10
minutes)
High degree of curing -- Improved physical properties +
resistance to wear
Polymerization shrinkage does not occur →No induced
stress or bond fractures and decreased leakage
Repairable in the mouth
Not as abrasive as ceramic inlays
But long term clinical studies needed to verify the
longevity of these restoration in the oral cavity
Technique Sensitive
The first resin veneer were mechanically bonded to metal
substrate using wire loops or retention beads
Micromechanical retention created by acid etching the base
metal alloy and use of chemical bonding system such as 4
META ,phosphorylated methacrylate ,epoxy resin or SiO2 that
is spread to the metal surface followed by application of a
silane coupling agent(Silicoating)
Adv(Over ceramic)
◦ Ease of fabrication
◦ Predictable i/o reparability
◦ Less wear of opposing teeth
Dis adv
◦ Low Proportional limit
◦ Pronounced plastic deformation
So resin should be protected with metal, occlusal surface
where ever possible .Leakage of oral fluid --staining below
veneers are caused by dimensional changes from water
sorption heating and cooling
Surface staining and intrinsic discoloration tend to occur
Susceptible to wear during tooth brushing (soft tooth brush
and mild abrasive tooth pastes]
Not suitable for RPD abutment retainers where clasps
engages an undercut on the veneered surface
Conservative alternative to conventional veneers.
Resin are used as preformed laminate veneers in which resin
shells are adjusted by grinding and the contoured facing is
bonded using acid etch technique with luting resin cements
Packaging of composites
Spill syringes and compule
The syringes are made of opaque plastic to protect material
from exposure to light and thus prolongs shelf life
The compule is placed the end of a syringe and the paste is
extruded after removal of the protective tip
Adv: decreased cross infection, protection from light
WT and ST
Light cured – curing is considered to be on demand
Stiffening takes place with in seconds after light exposure by a
high intensity curing light source
The curing reaction continues for a period of 24 hrs
About 25% remain un reacted at bulk of the restoration
Surface of the restoration should be protected with a
transparent matrix to prevent air contact and thus
polymerization inhibition
The restoration is finished and is in function after 10 minutes;
optimum physical properties are reached only after 24 hrs
WT =60 to 90 sec
After 60 to90 sec of dispensing composite may loose its
capability to flow readily against tooth structure
For chemically cured composite setting time is 3 to 5 minutes
Manipulation of composites
Composites can be contaminated with debris and moisture
Rubber dam isolation
Pulpal protection
Etching and bonding
Dispensing- only mass composite needed to fill large quantity
should be dispensed to the paper pads
Composites are visco elastic so will continue to flow off once the
plunger is twisted .
Plunger is reversed once sufficient composites has been extruded
Cap should be cleaned
Self cure- two pastes
Equal amounts of universal and catalyst pastes are mixed
thoroughly for 20 to 30 Sec
Plastic or coated metal spatula should be used.
Placement
A plastic or coated metal instrument is used
It is not advised to dip the instrument in alcohol
May also be placed with plastic tip of syringe
Pre packed in syringe tips –compules
Facilitates precise placement of the material and avoid void
incorporation
Heating units –increase the temp of composite to improve flow and
adaptation
Polymerization
ET- type,depth,shade of composites
20 to 60 sec for 2mmthick restoration
Micro filled-longer ET
Intensity ,wavelength and penetration of light from the source
A material with low absorption coefficient cure s to greater depth
Excessive initiator ,uv absorber ,flourescent dies –detrimental to
cure
Self and dual cure
Wt =1 to2.5 minutes
ST=4 minutes
Curing rate is lower so shrinkage stresses tend to relax
Used in gingival margin of proximal areas to minimize gap
formation
Polymerization initiated by light ,continued by self cure
Finishing refers to the process of adapting restorative
material to the tooth.
Polishing refers to removal of surface irregularities to achieve
smoothest possible surface.
Residual surface roughness can encourage bacterial
growth,which can lead to a myriad of problems including 2 0
caries,gingival inflammation and surface staining.
The smoothest surface of a restoration can be obtained by
curing the composite against a smooth matrix strip
This minimizes porosity as well as oxygen inhibited layer.
As it is difficult to adapt the plastic strip to the different
convex and concave surfaces of the tooth,some amount of
finishing is required.
3 significant factors
1 .Environment
Dry vs wet
Heat generation disturbs marginal sealing ability of the
adhesive resin
Structural and chemical changes on the surface
Smearing of the surface and depolymerization.
Water cooling during finishing should ensure surface quality.
2. Delayed Vs Immediate Finish
Delayed curing is recommended as the polymerization is
completed only in 24 hrs.
Delayed curing can increase marginal leakage and have no
additional surface effects
[Link] of finishing material
Trimming: scalpel blade or any thin sharp edged instrument is
used to remove flash on the proximal surface area
Trimming forces should be parallel to the margins or towards
gingival region
Course to ultra fine Al O discs can be applied to areas with
2 3
difficult access around proximal surfaces or in embrasures.
Tungsten carbide burs or fine diamond tips can be used to
adjust occlusal surfaces and blend the composite to tooth
surface
Aluminium oxide discs produce the best surface and induce
minimal trauma
Other systems include
Resin finishing devices with use of fine and extra fine
polishing pastes
Silicone Based Systems
SiC impregnated polishing brushes and points
surface grinding is associated with high stresses.
Recent studies: micro leakage is not significantly affected by
type of polishing system used.
Rebonding: application of a surface sealer. Finishing and
polishing introduces micro cracks and removes the most
highly polymerized area of the restoration .Application of a
surface sealer or low viscosity resin with low or no filler
ensures that these defect gets sealed.
Concerns:
[Link] Chemical Toxicity Of The Material
Adequately polymerized composites are relatively
biocompatible ‘coz they exhibit minimal solubility and
unreacted species are leached in very small quantities.
From a toxicological pt of view-these amounts are too small to
cause toxic reaction
Immunological pt of view: under extremely rare conditions
some patients and dental personnel can develop an allergic
response to these materials.
Inadequately cured composites : usually at the floor can act as
reservoir of diffusible components that can induce long term
pulpal [Link] thick layers are cured the uncured
resin can release leachable constituents adjacent to the pulp.
Marginal leakage
Marginal leakage allow bacterial ingrowth, 2 0 caries and pulp
reaction
So measures are to be taken to minimize polymerization
shrinkage and marginal leakage
Bis phenol a –xenoestrogen
anti androgenic
Repaired by placing new material over the old composite
Restoration that has been cured and polished may have
50% of unreacted ma groups to copolymerize with the
newly added material
With ageing the unreacted ma and fresh monomer
reduces. The strength of bond between original material
and the new resin decreases in proportion to time elapsed
between polymerization and addition of new resin
Strength of repaired composite is usually less than half the
strength of the original material
[Link] Composite Resins 1996
[Link] composites1990’s
[Link]
Ormocer matrix consists of ceramics poly
siloxane instead of organic dimethacrylate
monomers like Bis GMA.
It exhibits low shrinkage on
polymerization(1.8) and has high abrasion
resistance
It is therefore versatile in its application in
both antr and postr areas.
This material also releases F- and PO 3- that
4
protect the adjoining cavity design
[Link] RELEASING COMPOSITE RESIN1998
A new approach was begun with the
development of an ion releasing composite
resin called ariston phc from vivadevt co.
This novel composite resin has an alkaline
glass filler which releases F-,Ca2+,& OH-ions
based on the ph value immediately adjacent
to the restoration
Whenever the ph value lowers at the margins
of the restoration due to active plaque
formation the functional ions are released in
large no:s
Thus there is suppression of bacterial growth
and inhibition of 20 caries around the margin
[Link]
Contain filler particles that are extremely
small
They can be easily agglomerated
High filler levels can be incorporated-good
physical properties and esthetics
6. COMPOMERS / polyacid modified composite
resins 1990’s
They combine the durability of composite resins
and fluride releasing ability of gic
Composition
Resin matrix
UDMA
Butane tetracarboxylic acid with HEMA side
chains
Filler
Strontium flurosilicate glass
Photoinitiators
Stabilizers
Their strength fracture toughness and wear
resistance are similar to composites
Esthetically superior to gic
Release F- to a lesser extend than gic
Does not have F- recharge capacity
7. CEROMER
Ceramic optimized polymer developed for
indirect composite restorations
Eg: artglass,belle glass hp
8. fibre reinforced composites
9. single crystal modified composite.
